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AlphaStar, the AI that reaches GrandMaster level in StarCraft II, is a remarkable milestone demonstrating what deep reinforcement learning can achieve in complex Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games. However, the complexities of the game,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Xiangjun Wang , Junxiao Song , Penghui Qi , Peng Peng , Zhenkun Tang , Wei Zhang , Weimin Li , Xiongjun Pi , Jujie He , Chao Gao , Haitao Long , Quan Yuan

StarCraft II (SC2) poses a grand challenge for reinforcement learning (RL), of which the main difficulties include huge state space, varying action space, and a long time horizon. In this work, we investigate a set of RL techniques for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Ruo-Ze Liu , Zhen-Jia Pang , Zhou-Yu Meng , Wenhai Wang , Yang Yu , Tong Lu

We present a different view for AlphaStar (AS), the program achieving Grand-Master level in the game StarCraft II. It is considered big progress for AI research. However, in this paper, we present problems with the AS, some of which are the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Ruo-Ze Liu

This paper introduces SC2LE (StarCraft II Learning Environment), a reinforcement learning environment based on the StarCraft II game. This domain poses a new grand challenge for reinforcement learning, representing a more difficult class of…

Recently, multiple approaches for creating agents for playing various complex real-time computer games such as StarCraft II or Dota 2 were proposed, however, they either embed a significant amount of expert knowledge into the agent or use a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Michał Opanowicz

The research community lacks a middle ground between StarCraft IIs full game and its mini-games. The full-games sprawling state-action space renders reward signals sparse and noisy, but in mini-games simple agents saturate performance. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sourav Panda , Shreyash Kale , Tanmay Ambadkar , Abhinav Verma , Jonathan Dodge

Real-time strategy (RTS) games make heavy use of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the design of computerized opponents. Because of the computational complexity involved in managing all aspects of these games, many AI opponents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-03-07 Ian Helmke , Daniel Kreymer , Karl Wiegand

Starcraft II (SC2) is widely considered as the most challenging Real Time Strategy (RTS) game. The underlying challenges include a large observation space, a huge (continuous and infinite) action space, partial observations, simultaneous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Peng Sun , Xinghai Sun , Lei Han , Jiechao Xiong , Qing Wang , Bo Li , Yang Zheng , Ji Liu , Yongsheng Liu , Han Liu , Tong Zhang

StarCraft II is one of the most challenging simulated reinforcement learning environments; it is partially observable, stochastic, multi-agent, and mastering StarCraft II requires strategic planning over long time horizons with real-time…

Deep reinforcement learning, and especially the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm, has been successfully used to achieve super-human performance in a variety of video games. Starcraft II is a new challenge for the reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-25 Basel Alghanem , Keerthana P G

Deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms are booming in the field of collaborative intelligence, and StarCraft multi-agent challenge (SMAC) is widely-used as the benchmark therein. However, imaginary opponents of MARL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yadong Li , Tong Zhang , Bo Huang , Zhen Cui

In the last few years, deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) has become a highly active area of research. A particularly challenging class of problems in this area is partially observable, cooperative, multi-agent learning, in which…

StarCraft, one of the most difficult esport games with long-standing history of professional tournaments, has attracted generations of players and fans, and also, intense attentions in artificial intelligence research. Recently, Google's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Lei Han , Jiechao Xiong , Peng Sun , Xinghai Sun , Meng Fang , Qingwei Guo , Qiaobo Chen , Tengfei Shi , Hongsheng Yu , Xipeng Wu , Zhengyou Zhang

There is a lack of standard benchmarks for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms. The Starcraft Multi-Agent Challenge (SMAC) has been widely used in MARL research, but is built on top of a heavy, closed-source computer game,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Adam Michalski , Filippos Christianos , Stefano V. Albrecht

Real-time strategy games have been an important field of game artificial intelligence in recent years. This paper presents a reinforcement learning and curriculum transfer learning method to control multiple units in StarCraft…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-04 Kun Shao , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

Recent advancements in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) have demonstrated its application potential in modern games. Beginning with foundational work and progressing to landmark achievements such as AlphaStar in StarCraft II and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Zhengyang Li , Qijin Ji , Xinghong Ling , Quan Liu

StarCraft II poses a grand challenge for reinforcement learning. The main difficulties of it include huge state and action space and a long-time horizon. In this paper, we investigate a hierarchical reinforcement learning approach for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Zhen-Jia Pang , Ruo-Ze Liu , Zhou-Yu Meng , Yi Zhang , Yang Yu , Tong Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown strong reasoning and generalization capabilities, motivating their use as decision-making policies in complex environments. StarCraft II (SC2), with its massive state-action space and partial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yixin Zhang , Ziyi Wang , Yiming Rong , Haoxi Wang , Jinling Jiang , Shuang Xu , Haoran Wu , Shiyu Zhou , Bo Xu

Benchmarks are crucial for assessing multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms. While StarCraft II-related environments have driven significant advances in MARL, existing benchmarks like SMAC focus primarily on micromanagement,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Xingxing Hong , Yungong Wang , Dexin Jin , Ye Yuan , Ximing Huang , Zijian Wu , Wenxin Li

StarCraft II is a challenging benchmark for AI agents due to the necessity of both precise micro level operations and strategic macro awareness. Previous works, such as Alphastar and SCC, achieve impressive performance on tackling StarCraft…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Weiyu Ma , Qirui Mi , Yongcheng Zeng , Xue Yan , Yuqiao Wu , Runji Lin , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang
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