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Standard regression adjustment gives inconsistent estimates of causal effects when there are time-varying treatment effects and time-varying covariates. Loosely speaking, the issue is that some covariates are post-treatment variables…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Stephen Bates , Edward Kennedy , Robert Tibshirani , Valerie Ventura , Larry Wasserman

The generalized linear model is widely used in all areas of applied statistics and while correct asymptotic inference can be achieved under misspecification of the distributional assumptions, a correctly specified mean structure is crucial…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-07-07 Klaus K. Holst

We investigate methods for penalized regression in the presence of missing observations. This paper introduces a method for estimating the parameters which compensates for the missing observations. We first, derive an unbiased estimator of…

Applications · Statistics 2013-10-09 Yunjin Choi , Robert Tibshirani

Adaptive designs dynamically update treatment probabilities using information accumulated during the experiment. Existing theory for causal inference from adaptive experiments primarily assumes the superpopulation framework with independent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-26 Xinran Li , Anqi Zhao

Covariate adjustment can improve precision in analyzing randomized experiments. With fully observed data, regression adjustment and propensity score weighting are asymptotically equivalent in improving efficiency over unadjusted analysis.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-06 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding , Fan Li

A key methodological challenge in observational studies with interference between units is twofold: (1) each unit's outcome may depend on many others' treatments, and (2) treatment assignments may exhibit complex dependencies across units.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-17 Souhardya Sengupta , Kosuke Imai , Georgia Papadogeorgou

Matching is a widely used causal inference design that aims to approximate a randomized experiment using observational data by forming matched sets of treated and control units based on similarities in their covariates. Ideally, treated…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-06 Jianan Zhu , Jeffrey Zhang , Zijian Guo , Siyu Heng

It has become increasingly common nowadays to collect observations of feature and response pairs from different environments. As a consequence, one has to apply learned predictors to data with a different distribution due to distribution…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-31 Kang Du , Yu Xiang

The growing availability of large health databases has expanded the use of observational studies for comparative effectiveness research. Unlike randomized trials, observational studies must adjust for systematic differences in patient…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-21 Haidong Lu , Fan Li , Laine E. Thomas , Fan Li

Linear regression is a frequently used tool in statistics, however, its validity and interpretability relies on strong model assumptions. While robust estimates of the coefficients' covariance extend the validity of hypothesis tests and…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-04-23 Werner Brannath , Martin Scharpenberg

Regression adjustment is broadly applied in randomized trials under the premise that it usually improves the precision of a treatment effect estimator. However, previous work has shown that this is not always true. To further understand…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-11 Katarzyna Reluga , Ting Ye , Qingyuan Zhao

Linear models are foundational tools in statistics and ubiquitous across the applied sciences. However, conventional statistical inference -- such as $t$-tests and $F$-tests -- are only valid at fixed sample sizes, making them unsuitable…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-08 Michael Lindon , Dae Woong Ham , Martin Tingley , Iavor Bojinov

Latent variable models are popularly used to measure latent factors (e.g., abilities and personalities) from large-scale assessment data. Beyond understanding these latent factors, the covariate effect on responses controlling for latent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-12 Jing Ouyang , Chengyu Cui , Kean Ming Tan , Gongjun Xu

Under the Neyman causal model, it is well-known that OLS with treatment-by-covariate interactions cannot harm asymptotic precision of estimated treatment effects in completely randomized experiments. But do such guarantees extend to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-19 Joel A. Middleton

The increasing popularity of regression discontinuity methods for causal inference in observational studies has led to a proliferation of different estimating strategies, most of which involve first fitting non-parametric regression models…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-11 Guido Imbens , Stefan Wager

When estimating causal effects from observational studies, researchers often need to adjust for many covariates to deconfound the non-causal relationship between exposure and outcome, among which many covariates are discrete. The behavior…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-05-07 Zhenghao Zeng , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Yanjun Han , Edward H. Kennedy

We propose generalized additive partial linear models for complex data which allow one to capture nonlinear patterns of some covariates, in the presence of linear components. The proposed method improves estimation efficiency and increases…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-05-26 Li Wang , Lan Xue , Annie Qu , Hua Liang

Baseline covariates in randomized experiments are often used in the estimation of treatment effects, for example, when estimating treatment effects within covariate-defined subgroups. In practice, however, covariate values may be missing…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-29 Gauri Kamat , Jerome P. Reiter

Motivated by two case studies using primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we describe statistical methods that facilitate the analysis of tall data, with very large numbers of observations. Our focus is on…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-05-14 Kirsty Rhodes , Rebecca Turner , Rupert Payne , Ian White

Additive regression models are actively researched in the statistical field because of their usefulness in the analysis of responses determined by non-linear relationships with multivariate predictors. In this kind of statistical models,…

Applications · Statistics 2018-03-14 German A. Schnaidt Grez , Brani Vidakovic