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Smart contracts are software programs featuring both traditional applications and distributed data storage on blockchains. Ethereum is a prominent blockchain platform with the support of smart contracts. The smart contracts act as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Purathani Praitheeshan , Lei Pan , Jiangshan Yu , Joseph Liu , Robin Doss

A detailed exploration of blockchain technology and its applications across various fields is provided, beginning with an introduction to cryptography fundamentals, including symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and their roles in ensuring…

The applications of the blockchain technology are still being discov-ered. When a new potential disruptive technology emerges, there is a tendency to try to solve every problem with that technology. However, it is still necessary to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Bruno Tavares , Filipe Figueiredo Correia , André Restivo , João Pascoal Faria , Ademar Aguiar

Blockchain recently became very popular due to its use in cryptocurrencies and potential application in various domains (e.g., retail, healthcare, insurance). The smart contract is a key part of blockchain systems and specifies an agreement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Fernando Richter Vidal , Naghmeh Ivaki , Nuno Laranjeiro

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. The Selfdestruct function is the only way to destroy a contract on the blockchain system and transfer all the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Jiachi Chen

To empower smart contracts with the promising capabilities of cryptography, Ethereum officially introduced a set of cryptographic APIs that facilitate basic cryptographic operations within smart contracts, such as elliptic curve operations.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Jiashuo Zhang , Jiachi Chen , Zhiyuan Wan , Ting Chen , Jianbo Gao , Zhong Chen

We investigate a family of bugs in blockchain-based smart contracts, which we call event-ordering (or EO) bugs. These bugs are intimately related to the dynamic ordering of contract events, i.e., calls of its functions on the blockchain,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Aashish Kolluri , Ivica Nikolic , Ilya Sergey , Aquinas Hobor , Prateek Saxena

The protocol for cryptocurrencies can be divided into three parts, namely consensus, wallet, and networking overlay. The aim of the consensus part is to bring trustless rational peer-to-peer nodes to an agreement to the current status of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Sangjun Park , Haeung Choi , Heung-No Lee

Blockchain programs (also known as smart contracts) manage valuable assets like cryptocurrencies and tokens, and implement protocols in domains like decentralized finance (DeFi) and supply-chain management. These types of applications…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Monika di Angelo , Thomas Durieux , João F. Ferreira , Gernot Salzer

Smart contracts are programs that are executed on a blockhain. They have been used for applications in voting, decentralized finance, and supply chain management. However, vulnerabilities in smart contracts have been abused by hackers,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Timothy Mou , Michael Coblenz , Jonathan Aldrich

Bluetooth is a communication technology used to wirelessly exchange data between devices. In the last few years there have been found a great number of security vulnerabilities, and adversaries are taking advantage of them causing harm and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Athanasios Kalogiratos , Ioanna Kantzavelou

Reentrancy is a well-known source of smart contract bugs on Ethereum, leading e.g. to double-spending vulnerabilities in DeFi applications. But less is known about this problem in other blockchains, which can have significantly different…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Roman Kashitsyn , Robin Künzler , Ognjen Marić , Lara Schmid

Due to the open-source nature of the blockchain ecosystem, it is common for new blockchains to fork or partially reuse the code of classic blockchains. For example, the popular Dogecoin, Litecoin, Binance BSC, and Polygon are all variants…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Xiao Yi , Yuzhou Fang , Daoyuan Wu , Lingxiao Jiang

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that ensures transparency, security, and immutability through cryptographic techniques. However, advancements in quantum computing threaten the security of classical cryptographic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Nicholas J. C. Papadopoulos

A bug or error is a common problem that any software or computer program may encounter. It can occur from badly writing the program, a typing error or bad memory management. However, errors can become a significant issue if the unsafe…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Zeinab Nehai , François Bobot

As quantum computers continue to improve in quality and scale, there is a growing need for accessible software frameworks for programming them. However, the unique behavior of quantum systems means specialized approaches, beyond traditional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Nils Quetschlich , Olivia Di Matteo

With the more and more extensive application of blockchain, blockchain security has been widely concerned by the society and deeply studied by scholars. Moreover, the security of blockchain data directly affects the security of various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Liehuang Zhu , Baokun Zheng , Meng Shen , Shui Yu , Feng Gao , Hongyu Li , Kexin Shi , Keke Gai

Cryptocurrency is a novel exploration of a form of currency that proposes a decentralized electronic payment scheme based on blockchain technology and cryptographic theory. While cryptocurrency has the security characteristics of being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Zekai Liu , Xiaoqi Li

The beacon chain is the backbone of the Ethereum's evolution towards a proof-of-stake-based scalable network. Beacon clients are the applications implementing the services required to operate the beacon chain, namely validators, beacon…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Jean-Philippe Aumasson , Denis Kolegov , Evangelia Stathopoulou

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, a major concern in Ethereum is the security of its smart contracts. Many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Zhipeng Gao , Vinoj Jayasundara , Lingxiao Jiang , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy