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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated emergent abilities across diverse tasks, raising the question of whether they acquire internal world models. In this work, we investigate whether LLMs implicitly encode linear spatial world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Matthieu Tehenan , Christian Bolivar Moya , Tenghai Long , Guang Lin

In contextual linear bandits, the reward function is assumed to be a linear combination of an unknown reward vector and a given embedding of context-arm pairs. In practice, the embedding is often learned at the same time as the reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Andrea Tirinzoni , Matteo Pirotta , Alessandro Lazaric

Distributed representations of words learned from text have proved to be successful in various natural language processing tasks in recent times. While some methods represent words as vectors computed from text using predictive model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Abhik Jana , Pawan Goyal

We propose a new kind of embedding for natural language text that deeply represents semantic meaning. Standard text embeddings use the outputs from hidden layers of a pretrained language model. In our method, we let a language model learn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Oleg Vasilyev , John Bohannon

Word embeddings are a key component of high-performing natural language processing (NLP) systems, but it remains a challenge to learn good representations for novel words on the fly, i.e., for words that did not occur in the training data.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-12 Timo Schick , Hinrich Schütze

To improve trust and transparency, it is crucial to be able to interpret the decisions of Deep Neural classifiers (DNNs). Instance-level examinations, such as attribution techniques, are commonly employed to interpret the model decisions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Youngju Joung , Sehyun Lee , Jaesik Choi

Most efforts in interpretability in deep learning have focused on (1) extracting explanations of a specific downstream task in relation to the input features and (2) imposing constraints on the model, often at the expense of predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Marco Bertolini , Djork-Arné Clevert , Floriane Montanari

Understanding human language has been a sub-challenge on the way of intelligent machines. The study of meaning in natural language processing (NLP) relies on the distributional hypothesis where language elements get meaning from the words…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Erhan Sezerer , Selma Tekir

Powerful sentence encoders trained for multiple languages are on the rise. These systems are capable of embedding a wide range of linguistic properties into vector representations. While explicit probing tasks can be used to verify the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Maarten De Raedt , Fréderic Godin , Pieter Buteneers , Chris Develder , Thomas Demeester

Word embeddings have recently been shown to reflect many of the pronounced societal biases (e.g., gender bias or racial bias). Existing studies are, however, limited in scope and do not investigate the consistency of biases across relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Anne Lauscher , Goran Glavaš

Although the self-supervised pre-training of transformer models has resulted in the revolutionizing of natural language processing (NLP) applications and the achievement of state-of-the-art results with regard to various benchmarks, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Xiang Chen , Xin Xie , Zhen Bi , Hongbin Ye , Shumin Deng , Ningyu Zhang , Huajun Chen

Sentence embeddings encode natural language sentences as low-dimensional dense vectors. A great deal of effort has been put into using sentence embeddings to improve several important natural language processing tasks. Relation extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Alexander Kalinowski , Yuan An

With the recent success of embeddings in natural language processing, research has been conducted into applying similar methods to code analysis. Most works attempt to process the code directly or use a syntactic tree representation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Tal Ben-Nun , Alice Shoshana Jakobovits , Torsten Hoefler

Representing and navigating hierarchy is a fundamental primitive of reasoning. Large language models have demonstrated proficiency in a wide variety of tasks requiring hierarchical reasoning, but there exists limited analysis on how the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Cutter Dawes , Aryan Sharma , Angelos Ioannis Lagos , Shivam Raval

Deep Metric Learning (DML) proposes to learn metric spaces which encode semantic similarities as embedding space distances. These spaces should be transferable to classes beyond those seen during training. Commonly, DML methods task…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Karsten Roth , Oriol Vinyals , Zeynep Akata

Pretrained deep contextual representations have advanced the state-of-the-art on various commonsense NLP tasks, but we lack a concrete understanding of the capability of these models. Thus, we investigate and challenge several aspects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Jeff Da , Jungo Kasai

Neural language models learn word representations, or embeddings, that capture rich linguistic and conceptual information. Here we investigate the embeddings learned by neural machine translation models, a recently-developed class of neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-04-06 Felix Hill , Kyunghyun Cho , Sebastien Jean , Coline Devin , Yoshua Bengio

Recently introduced self-supervised methods for image representation learning provide on par or superior results to their fully supervised competitors, yet the corresponding efforts to explain the self-supervised approaches lag behind.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Witold Oleszkiewicz , Dominika Basaj , Igor Sieradzki , Michał Górszczak , Barbara Rychalska , Koryna Lewandowska , Tomasz Trzciński , Bartosz Zieliński

Constructing good representations is critical for learning complex tasks in a sample efficient manner. In the context of meta-learning, representations can be constructed from common patterns of previously seen tasks so that a future task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Halil Ibrahim Gulluk , Yue Sun , Samet Oymak , Maryam Fazel

Distributed word embeddings have shown superior performances in numerous Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, their performances vary significantly across different tasks, implying that the word embeddings learnt by those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-21 Danushka Bollegala , Kohei Hayashi , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi