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The integration of cyber-physical systems (CPS) into everyday life raises the critical necessity of ensuring their safety and reliability. An important step in this direction is requirement mining, i.e. inferring formally specified system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gaia Saveri , Luca Bortolussi

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an efficient technique for describing temporal constraints. It can play a significant role in robotic manipulation, for example, to optimize the robot performance according to task-dependent metrics. In this…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Akshay Dhonthi , Philipp Schillinger , Leonel Rozo , Daniele Nardi

Researchers have previously proposed augmenting Signal Temporal Logic (STL) with the value freezing operator in order to express engineering properties that cannot be expressed in STL. This augmented logic is known as STL*. The previous…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Bassem Ghorbel , Vinayak S. Prabhu

Cyber-Physical Systems~(CPS) consist of collaborative, networked and tightly intertwined computational (logical) and physical components, each operating at different spatial and temporal scales. Hence, the spatial and temporal requirements…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Ezio Bartocci , Luca Bortolussi , Michele Loreti , Laura Nenzi

We present a robust control framework for time-critical systems in which satisfying real-time constraints robustly is of utmost importance for the safety of the system. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) provides a formal means to express a large…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-15 Alena Rodionova , Lars Lindemann , Manfred Morari , George J. Pappas

Spatio-Temporal prediction plays a critical role in smart city construction. Jointly modeling multiple spatio-temporal tasks can further promote an intelligent city life by integrating their inseparable relationship. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Zijian Zhang , Xiangyu Zhao , Hao Miao , Chunxu Zhang , Hongwei Zhao , Junbo Zhang

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers a concise yet expressive framework for specifying and reasoning about spatio-temporal behaviors of robotic systems. Attractively, STL admits the notion of robustness, the degree to which an input signal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Parv Kapoor , Kazuki Mizuta , Eunsuk Kang , Karen Leung

Stochastic cyber-physical systems (CPS) permeate critical infrastructure, from autonomous vehicles to medical devices. Yet, tools for runtime verification of such systems capturing the probabilistic dynamics in stochastic systems remain…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Paapa Kwesi Quansah , Ernest Bonnah

We investigate the task and motion planning problem for Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications in robotics. Existing STL methods rely on pre-defined maps or mobility representations, which are ineffective in unstructured real-world…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Bowen Ye , Junyue Huang , Yang Liu , Xiaozhen Qiao , Xiang Yin

We present a new average-based robustness score for Signal Temporal Logic (STL) and a framework for optimal control of a dynamical system under STL constraints. By averaging the scores of different specifications or subformulae at different…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Noushin Mehdipour , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Calin Belta

This paper addresses the planning and control problem for nonlinear systems under Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications. We first decompose an STL task into finite local tasks. A sampling-based method generates sequences of local…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Zuodong Pan , Xu Fang , Wei Ren

Runtime monitoring of autonomous systems traditionally relies on mapping continuous sensor observations to discrete logical propositions defined over low-dimensional state variables. This abstraction breaks down in perception-driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Parv Kapoor , Abigail Hammer , Ashish Kapoor , Karen Leung , Eunsuk Kang

Temporal logics (TLs) have been widely used to formalize interpretable tasks for cyber-physical systems. Time Window Temporal Logic (TWTL) has been recently proposed as a specification language for dynamical systems. In particular, it can…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Ahmad Ahmad , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron , Calin Belta

We present a mathematical programming-based method for model predictive control of cyber-physical systems subject to signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. We describe the use of STL to specify a wide range of properties of these…

To express temporal properties of dense-time real-valued signals, the Signal Temporal Logic (STL) has been defined by Maler et al. The work presented a monitoring algorithm deciding the satisfiability of STL formulae on finite discrete…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2012-08-21 Petr Dluhoš , Luboš Brim , David Šafránek

Trajectory planning is a critical process that enables autonomous systems to safely navigate complex environments. Signal temporal logic (STL) specifications are an effective way to encode complex temporally extended objectives for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-20 Parv Kapoor , Eunsuk Kang , Romulo Meira-Goes

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a formal language for describing a broad range of real-valued, temporal properties in cyber-physical systems. While there has been extensive research on verification and control synthesis from STL…

Formulating the intended behavior of a dynamic system can be challenging. Signal temporal logic (STL) is frequently used for this purpose due to its suitability in formalizing comprehensible, modular, and versatile spatiotemporal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-04 Patrick Halder , Hannes Homburger , Lothar Kiltz , Johannes Reuter , Matthias Althoff

We present a framework to synthesize control policies for nonlinear dynamical systems from complex temporal constraints specified in a rich temporal logic called Signal Temporal Logic (STL). We propose a novel smooth and differentiable STL…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Iman Haghighi , Noushin Mehdipour , Ezio Bartocci , Calin Belta

The software architecture behind modern autonomous vehicles (AV) is becoming more complex steadily. Safety verification is now an imminent task prior to the large-scale deployment of such convoluted models. For safety-critical tasks in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-18 Aditya Parameshwaran , Yue Wang