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Invisible watermarks safeguard images' copyrights by embedding hidden messages only detectable by owners. They also prevent people from misusing images, especially those generated by AI models. We propose a family of regeneration attacks to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Xuandong Zhao , Kexun Zhang , Zihao Su , Saastha Vasan , Ilya Grishchenko , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna , Yu-Xiang Wang , Lei Li

This paper presents a deep learning-based audio-in-image watermarking scheme. Audio-in-image watermarking is the process of covertly embedding and extracting audio watermarks on a cover-image. Using audio watermarks can open up…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Arjon Das , Xin Zhong

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

To protect the intellectual property of well-trained deep neural networks (DNNs), black-box watermarks, which are embedded into the prediction behavior of DNN models on a set of specially-crafted samples and extracted from suspect models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yifan Lu , Wenxuan Li , Mi Zhang , Xudong Pan , Min Yang

Deep learning-based watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for robust image authentication and protection. However, existing models are limited by low embedding capacity and vulnerability to bit-level errors, making them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hyunwook Choi , Sangyun Won , Daeyeon Hwang , Junhyeok Choi

Recently, numerous highly-valuable Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been trained using deep learning algorithms. To protect the Intellectual Property (IP) of the original owners over such DNN models, backdoor-based watermarks have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Peizhuo Lv , Hualong Ma , Kai Chen , Jiachen Zhou , Shengzhi Zhang , Ruigang Liang , Shenchen Zhu , Pan Li , Yingjun Zhang

Robust invisible watermarks are widely used to support copyright protection, content provenance, and accountability by embedding hidden signals designed to survive common post-processing operations. However, diffusion-based image editing…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Qian Qi , Jiangyun Tang , Jim Lee , Emily Davis , Finn Carter

Digital image watermarking has been widely used in different applications such as copyright protection of digital media, such as audio, image, and video files. Two opposing criteria of robustness and transparency are the goals of…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Mahnoosh Bagheri , Majid Mohrekesh , Nader Karimi , Shadrokh Samavi

Amidst rising concerns about the internet being proliferated with content generated from language models (LMs), watermarking is seen as a principled way to certify whether text was generated from a model. Many recent watermarking techniques…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Saksham Rastogi , Danish Pruthi

Due to the wide distribution and usage of digital media, an important issue is protection of the digital content. There is a number of algorithms and techniques developed for the digital watermarking.In this paper, the invisible image…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2015-02-09 Jelena Music , Ivan Knezevic , Edis Franca

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution to counter harmful or deceptive AI-generated content by embedding hidden identifiers that trace content origins. However, the robustness of current watermarking techniques is still largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiaodong Wu , Tianyi Tang , Xiangman Li , Jianbing Ni , Yong Yu

The proliferation of autoregressive (AR) image generators demands reliable detection and attribution of their outputs to mitigate misinformation, and to filter synthetic images from training data to prevent model collapse. To address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Andreas Müller , Denis Lukovnikov , Shingo Kodama , Minh Pham , Anubhav Jain , Jonathan Petit , Niv Cohen , Asja Fischer

Deep learning, especially deep neural networks (DNNs), has been widely and successfully adopted in many critical applications for its high effectiveness and efficiency. The rapid development of DNNs has benefited from the existence of some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Yiming Li , Mingyan Zhu , Xue Yang , Yong Jiang , Tao Wei , Shu-Tao Xia

Typically, foundation models are hosted on cloud servers to meet the high demand for their services. However, this exposes them to security risks, as attackers can modify them after uploading to the cloud or transferring from a local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Zhaoxia Yin , Heng Yin , Hang Su , Xinpeng Zhang , Zhenzhe Gao

Recently, how to protect the Intellectual Property (IP) of deep neural networks (DNN) becomes a major concern for the AI industry. To combat potential model piracy, recent works explore various watermarking strategies to embed secret…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Yifan Yan , Xudong Pan , Yining Wang , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

As large language models (LLMs) grow more powerful, concerns over copyright infringement of LLM-generated texts have intensified. LLM watermarking has been proposed to trace unauthorized redistribution or resale of generated content by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Qihao Lin , Chen Tang , Lan zhang , Junyang zhang , Xiangyang Li

Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) are widely used in industry and academia for their high accuracy and efficiency, particularly on structured data. However, watermarking GBDT models remains underexplored compared to neural networks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Jun Woo Chung , Yingjie Lao , Weijie Zhao

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique for detecting texts generated by LLMs. Current research has primarily focused on three design criteria: high quality of the watermarked text, high detectability, and robustness against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Bu , Shiyu Chang

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

As a valuable digital product, deep neural networks (DNNs) face increasingly severe threats to the intellectual property, making it necessary to develop effective technical measures to protect them. Trigger-based watermarking methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Chaoyue Huang , Gejian Zhao , Hanzhou Wu , Zhihua Xia , Asad Malik