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This paper presents an embedding-based approach to detecting variation without relying on prior normalisation or predefined variant lists. The method trains subword embeddings on raw text and groups related forms through combined cosine and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Anne-Marie Lutgen , Alistair Plum , Christoph Purschke

Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) is the phenomenon in which the meaning of a word change over time. Most studies on LSC focus on improving the performance of estimating the degree of LSC, however, it is often difficult to interpret how the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Kohei Oda , Hiroya Takamura , Kiyoaki Shirai , Natthawut Kertkeidkachorn

This paper describes SChME (Semantic Change Detection with Model Ensemble), a method usedin SemEval-2020 Task 1 on unsupervised detection of lexical semantic change. SChME usesa model ensemble combining signals of distributional models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Maurício Gruppi , Sibel Adali , Pin-Yu Chen

Dense word embeddings, which encode semantic meanings of words to low dimensional vector spaces have become very popular in natural language processing (NLP) research due to their state-of-the-art performances in many NLP tasks. Word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-20 Lutfi Kerem Senel , Ihsan Utlu , Veysel Yucesoy , Aykut Koc , Tolga Cukur

Word embeddings represent a transformative technology for analyzing text data in social work research, offering sophisticated tools for understanding case notes, policy documents, research literature, and other text-based materials. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Brian E. Perron , Kelley A. Rivenburgh , Bryan G. Victor , Zia Qi , Hui Luan

Neural word representations have proven useful in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks due to their ability to efficiently model complex semantic and syntactic word relationships. However, most techniques model only one representation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-11-23 Andrew Trask , Phil Michalak , John Liu

Word embeddings are computed by a class of techniques within natural language processing (NLP), that create continuous vector representations of words in a language from a large text corpus. The stochastic nature of the training process of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Lucas Rettenmeier

In this paper, we describe our method for the detection of lexical semantic change, i.e., word sense changes over time. We examine semantic differences between specific words in two corpora, chosen from different time periods, for English,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Ondřej Pražák , Pavel Přibáň , Stephen Taylor , Jakub Sido

Diachronic word embeddings -- vector representations of words over time -- offer remarkable insights into the evolution of language and provide a tool for quantifying sociocultural change from text documents. Prior work has used such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Sandeep Soni , Kristina Lerman , Jacob Eisenstein

Measuring the breadth of a word's meaning, or its spread across contexts, has become feasible with contextualized token embeddings. A word type can be represented as a cloud of token vectors, with dispersion-based statistics serving as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yo Ehara

Neural network based models are a very powerful tool for creating word embeddings, the objective of these models is to group similar words together. These embeddings have been used as features to improve results in various applications such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-27 Salman Mahmood , Rami Al-Rfou , Klaus Mueller

Sentence embedding techniques aim to encode key concepts of a sentence's meaning in a vector space. However, the majority of evaluation approaches for sentence embedding quality rely on the use of additional classifiers or downstream tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Paul Keuren , Marc Ponsen , Robert Ayoub Bagheri

Contextual embeddings represent a new generation of semantic representations learned from Neural Language Modelling (NLM) that addresses the issue of meaning conflation hampering traditional word embeddings. In this work, we show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Daniel Loureiro , Alipio Jorge

Most words have several senses and connotations which evolve in time due to semantic shift, so that closely related words may gain different or even opposite meanings over the years. This evolution is very relevant to the study of language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Jean-François Delpech

Terms in diachronic text corpora may exhibit a high degree of semantic dynamics that is only partially captured by the common notion of semantic change. The new measure of context volatility that we propose models the degree by which terms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Christian Kahmann , Andreas Niekler , Gerhard Heyer

In this paper, we investigate the effect of addressing difficult samples from a given text dataset on the downstream text classification task. We define difficult samples as being non-obvious cases for text classification by analysing them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Shashank Mujumdar , Stuti Mehta , Hima Patel , Suman Mitra

Since the amount of information on the internet is growing rapidly, it is not easy for a user to find relevant information for his/her query. To tackle this issue, much attention has been paid to Automatic Document Summarization. The key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Kamal Al-Sabahi , Zhang Zuping , Yang Kang

Meaning is the foundation stone of intercultural communication. Languages are continuously changing, and words shift their meanings for various reasons. Semantic divergence in related languages is a key concern of historical linguistics. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Ana-Sabina Uban , Alina-Maria Ciobanu , Liviu P. Dinu

Semantic Change Detection (SCD) of words is an important task for various NLP applications that must make time-sensitive predictions. Some words are used over time in novel ways to express new meanings, and these new meanings establish…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Xiaohang Tang , Yi Zhou , Taichi Aida , Procheta Sen , Danushka Bollegala

Semantic shifts can reflect changes in beliefs across hundreds of years, but it is less clear whether trends in fast-changing communities across a short time can be detected. We propose semantic coordinates analysis, a method based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Zining Zhu , Yang Xu , Frank Rudzicz