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Iron cosmic rays represent the most abundant heavy nuclei at energies above 1 TeV, with their production thought to be primarily originated by astrophysical sources. Therefore, measuring the iron spectrum provides crucial insights into the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-21 M. Molero , S. Mangano , C. Delgado

We report a measurement of the flux of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision and statistics using data from the Pierre Auger Observatory. Based on fluorescence observations in coincidence with at least one station of the surface detector…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Ioana C. Maris

We explore the feasibility of estimating primary cosmic ray composition at high energies from the study of two parameters of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) at ground and underground level with Monte Carlo simulations using the new EPOS and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-01-12 A. Tapia , D. Melo , F. Sánchez , A. Sedoski Croce , J. M. Figueira , B. García , N. González , M. Josebachuili , D. Ravignani , B. Wundheiler , A. Etchegoyen

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next generation facility of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. It will reach unprecedented sensitivity and energy resolution in very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. CTA will detect…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 M. Doro , M. Daniel , R. de los Reyes , M. Gaug , M. C. Maccarone

The determination of the primary cosmic ray mass composition from the characteristics of extensive air showers (EAS), obtained at an observation level in the lower half of the atmosphere, is still an open problem. In this work we propose a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Ambrosio , C. Aramo , D. D'Urso , A. D. Erlykin , F. Guarino , A. Insolia

Recent progress in cosmic ray physics covering the energy range from about 10^{14} eV to 10^{19} eV is reviewed. The most prominent features of the energy spectrum are the so called `knee' at E ~ 3 * 10^{15} eV and the `ankle' at few…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Karl-Heinz Kampert

The method of a determination of the Primary Cosmic Ray mass composition is presented. Data processing is based on the theoretical model representing the integral muon multiplicity spectrum as the superposition of the spectra corresponding…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-05-30 Yu. F. Novoseltsev , R. V. Novoseltseva , G. M. Vereshkov

Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), a large-scale radio Cherenkov observatory which scientists propose to develop in Antarctica, aims at discovering the origin and evolution of the cosmic accelerators that produce the highest energy cosmic rays by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2010-02-02 Shang-Yu Sun , Pisin Chen , Melin Huang

Measurements of cosmic rays by experiments such as ATIC, CREAM, and PAMELA indicate a hardening of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum at TeV energies. In our recent work (Thoudam & H\"orandel 2012a), we showed that the hardening can be due to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-15 Satyendra Thoudam , Jörg R. Hörandel

The High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) is an array of five imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Since 2003 it has been operating in the configuration of four 12 m telescopes complemented in 2012 by a much bigger 28 m telescope…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-14 I. Sushch

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a ground-based air-shower detector designed to study the TeV gamma and cosmic ray windows. The observatory is composed of a densely packed array of $300$ water Cherenkov tanks, $4.5$ m…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-07-01 J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez , Z. Hampel-Arias , J. D. Álvarez

First results of a cosmic-ray electron + positron spectrum, from 10 GeV to 3 TeV, is presented based upon observations with the CALET instrument on the ISS starting in October, 2015. Nearly a half million electron + positron events are…

We present preliminary results on an updated full-sky analysis of the cosmic-ray arrival direction distribution with data collected by the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory and IceCube Neutrino Observatory with complementary…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-10 Juan Carlos Díaz-Vélez , Riya Yogesh Kore , Paolo Desiati , Ferris Wolf

At the Yakutsk EAS array E_em is determined by using measurements of EAS Cherenkov light flux and charged particle flux. It is known from calculations that these characteristics depend on a sort of primary particle and, therefore, the…

The impressive power-law decay of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays over more than thirty orders of magnitude in intensity and for energies ranging over eleven decades between $\simeq 10^9 $eV and $\simeq 10^{20} $eV is actually dotted…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-07-21 Olivier Deligny

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-11-25 The Pierre Auger Collaboration , Alexander Aab , Pedro Abreu , Marco Aglietta , Eun-Joo Ahn , Imen Al Samarai , Ivone Albuquerque , Ingomar Allekotte , Patrick Allison , Alejandro Almela , Jesus Alvarez Castillo , Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz , Rafael Alves Batista , Michelangelo Ambrosio , Amin Aminaei , Luis Anchordoqui , Sofia Andringa , Carla Aramo , Victor Manuel Aranda , Fernando Arqueros , Nicusor Arsene , Hernán Gonzalo Asorey , Pedro Assis , Julien Aublin , Maximo Ave , Michel Avenier , Gualberto Avila , Nafiun Awal , Alina Mihaela Badescu , Kerri B Barber , Julia Bäuml , Colin Baus , Jim Beatty , Karl Heinz Becker , Jose A Bellido , Corinne Berat , Mario Edoardo Bertaina , Xavier Bertou , Peter Biermann , Pierre Billoir , Simon G Blaess , Alberto Blanco , Miguel Blanco , Carla Bleve , Hans Blümer , Martina Boháčová , Denise Boncioli , Carla Bonifazi , Nataliia Borodai , Jeffrey Brack , Iliana Brancus , Ariel Bridgeman , Pedro Brogueira , William C Brown , Peter Buchholz , Antonio Bueno , Stijn Buitink , Mario Buscemi , Karen S Caballero-Mora , Barbara Caccianiga , Lorenzo Caccianiga , Marina Candusso , Laurentiu Caramete , Rossella Caruso , Antonella Castellina , Gabriella Cataldi , Lorenzo Cazon , Rosanna Cester , Alan G Chavez , Andrea Chiavassa , Jose Augusto Chinellato , Jiri Chudoba , Marco Cilmo , Roger W Clay , Giuseppe Cocciolo , Roberta Colalillo , Alan Coleman , Laura Collica , Maria Rita Coluccia , Ruben Conceição , Fernando Contreras , Mathew J Cooper , Alain Cordier , Stephane Coutu , Corbin Covault , James Cronin , Richard Dallier , Bruno Daniel , Sergio Dasso , Kai Daumiller , Bruce R Dawson , Rogerio M de Almeida , Sijbrand J de Jong , Giuseppe De Mauro , Joao de Mello Neto , Ivan De Mitri , Jaime de Oliveira , Vitor de Souza , Luis del Peral , Olivier Deligny , Hans Dembinski , Niraj Dhital , Claudio Di Giulio , Armando Di Matteo , Johana Chirinos Diaz , Mary Lucia Díaz Castro , Francisco Diogo , Carola Dobrigkeit , Wendy Docters , Juan Carlos D'Olivo , Alexei Dorofeev , Qader Dorosti Hasankiadeh , Maria Teresa Dova , Jan Ebr , Ralph Engel , Martin Erdmann , Mona Erfani , Carlos O Escobar , Joao Espadanal , Alberto Etchegoyen , Heino Falcke , Ke Fang , Glennys Farrar , Anderson Fauth , Norberto Fazzini , Andrew P Ferguson , Mateus Fernandes , Brian Fick , Juan Manuel Figueira , Alberto Filevich , Andrej Filipčič , Brendan Fox , Octavian Fratu , Martín Miguel Freire , Benjamin Fuchs , Toshihiro Fujii , Beatriz García , Diego Garcia-Pinto , Florian Gate , Hartmut Gemmeke , Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu , Piera Luisa Ghia , Ugo Giaccari , Marco Giammarchi , Maria Giller , Dariusz Głas , Christian Glaser , Henry Glass , Geraldina Golup , Mariano Gómez Berisso , Primo F Gómez Vitale , Nicolás González , Ben Gookin , Jacob Gordon , Alessio Gorgi , Peter Gorham , Philippe Gouffon , Nathan Griffith , Aurelio Grillo , Trent D Grubb , Fausto Guarino , Germano Guedes , Matías Rolf Hampel , Patricia Hansen , Diego Harari , Thomas A Harrison , Sebastian Hartmann , John Harton , Andreas Haungs , Thomas Hebbeker , Dieter Heck , Philipp Heimann , Alexander E Herve , Gary C Hill , Carlos Hojvat , Nicholas Hollon , Ewa Holt , Piotr Homola , Jörg Hörandel , Pavel Horvath , Miroslav Hrabovský , Daniel Huber , Tim Huege , Antonio Insolia , Paula Gina Isar , Ingolf Jandt , Stefan Jansen , Cecilia Jarne , Jeffrey A Johnsen , Mariela Josebachuili , Alex Kääpä , Olga Kambeitz , Karl Heinz Kampert , Peter Kasper , Igor Katkov , Balazs Kégl , Bianca Keilhauer , Azadeh Keivani , Ernesto Kemp , Roger Kieckhafer , Hans Klages , Matthias Kleifges , Jonny Kleinfeller , Raphael Krause , Nicole Krohm , Oliver Krömer , Daniel Kuempel , Norbert Kunka , Danielle LaHurd , Luca Latronico , Robert Lauer , Markus Lauscher , Pascal Lautridou , Sandra Le Coz , Didier Lebrun , Paul Lebrun , Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira , Antoine Letessier-Selvon , Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon , Katrin Link , Luis Lopes , Rebeca López , Aida López Casado , Karim Louedec , Lu Lu , Agustin Lucero , Max Malacari , Simone Maldera , Manuela Mallamaci , Jennifer Maller , Dusan Mandat , Paul Mantsch , Analisa Mariazzi , Vincent Marin , Ioana Mariş , Giovanni Marsella , Daniele Martello , Lilian Martin , Humberto Martinez , Oscar Martínez Bravo , Diane Martraire , Jimmy Masías Meza , Hermann-Josef Mathes , Sebastian Mathys , James Matthews , John Matthews , Giorgio Matthiae , Detlef Maurel , Daniela Maurizio , Eric Mayotte , Peter Mazur , Carlos Medina , Gustavo Medina-Tanco , Rebecca Meissner , Victor Mello , Diego Melo , Alexander Menshikov , Stefano Messina , Rishi Meyhandan , Maria Isabel Micheletti , Lukas Middendorf , Ignacio A Minaya , Lino Miramonti , Bogdan Mitrica , Laura Molina-Bueno , Silvia Mollerach , François Montanet , Carlo Morello , Miguel Mostafá , Celio A Moura , Marcio Aparecido Muller , Gero Müller , Sarah Müller , Roberto Mussa , Gianni Navarra , Sergio Navas , Petr Necesal , Lukas Nellen , Anna Nelles , Jens Neuser , David Newton , Phong H Nguyen , Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu , Marcus Niechciol , Lukas Niemietz , Tim Niggemann , Dave Nitz , Dalibor Nosek , Vladimir Novotny , Lyberis Nožka , Livingstone Ochilo , Foteini Oikonomou , Angela Olinto , Victor Olmos-Gilbaja , Noelia Pacheco , Daniel Pakk Selmi-Dei , Miroslav Palatka , Juan Pallotta , Philipp Papenbreer , Gonzalo Parente , Alejandra Parra , Thomas Paul , Miroslav Pech , Jan Pękala , Rodrigo Pelayo , Iuri Pepe , Lorenzo Perrone , Emily Petermann , Christine Peters , Sergio Petrera , Yevgeniy Petrov , Jamyang Phuntsok , Ricardo Piegaia , Tanguy Pierog , Pablo Pieroni , Mário Pimenta , Valerio Pirronello , Manuel Platino , Matthias Plum , Alessio Porcelli , Czeslaw Porowski , Raul Ribeiro Prado , Paolo Privitera , Michael Prouza , Victor Purrello , Eduardo J Quel , Sven Querchfeld , Sean Quinn , Julian Rautenberg , Olivier Ravel , Diego Ravignani , Benoît Revenu , Jan Ridky , Simone Riggi , Markus Risse , Pablo Ristori , Vincenzo Rizi , Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho , Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez , Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo , Maria Dolores Rodríguez-Frías , Dmytro Rogozin , Jaime Rosado , Markus Roth , Esteban Roulet , Adrian Rovero , Steven J Saffi , Alexandra Saftoiu , Francesco Salamida , Humberto Salazar , Ahmed Saleh , Francisco Salesa Greus , Gaetano Salina , Federico Sánchez , Patricia Sanchez-Lucas , Edivaldo Moura Santos , Eva Santos , Fred Sarazin , Biswaijt Sarkar , Raul Sarmento , Ricardo Sato , Carlos Scarso , Markus Schauer , Viviana Scherini , Harald Schieler , Peter Schiffer , David Schmidt , Olaf Scholten , Harm Schoorlemmer , Petr Schovánek , Frank G Schröder , Alexander Schulz , Johannes Schulz , Johannes Schumacher , Sergio Sciutto , Alberto Segreto , Mariangela Settimo , Amir Shadkam , Ronald C Shellard , Iván Sidelnik , Guenter Sigl , Octavian Sima , Andrzej Śmiałkowski , Radomir Šmída , Gregory Snow , Paul Sommers , J Sorokin , Ruben Squartini , Yogendra N Srivastava , Denis Stanca , Samo Stanič , James Stapleton , Jaroslaw Stasielak , Maurice Stephan , Anne Stutz , Federico Suarez , Tiina Suomijärvi , A Daniel Supanitsky , Michael Sutherland , John Swain , Zbigniew Szadkowski , Oscar Alejandro Taborda , Alex Tapia , Andreas Tepe , Vanessa Menezes Theodoro , Charles Timmermans , Carlos J Todero Peixoto , Gabriel Toma , Lenka Tomankova , Bernardo Tomé , Aurelio Tonachini , Guillermo Torralba Elipe , Diego Torres Machado , Petr Travnicek , Ralf Ulrich , Michael Unger , Martin Urban , Jose F Valdés Galicia , Ines Valiño , Laura Valore , Guus van Aar , Patrick van Bodegom , Ad M van den Berg , Sjoert van Velzen , Arjen van Vliet , Enrique Varela , Bernardo Vargas Cárdenas , Gary Varner , Rafael Vasquez , Jose R Vázquez , Ricardo Vázquez , Darko Veberič , Valerio Verzi , Jakub Vicha , Mariela Videla , Luis Villaseñor , Brian Vlcek , Serguei Vorobiov , Hernan Wahlberg , Oscar Wainberg , David Walz , Alan Watson , Marc Weber , Klaus Weidenhaupt , Andreas Weindl , Felix Werner , Allan Widom , Lawrence Wiencke , Henryk Wilczyński , Tobias Winchen , David Wittkowski , Brian Wundheiler , Sarka Wykes , Lili Yang , Tolga Yapici , Alexey Yushkov , Enrique Zas , Danilo Zavrtanik , Marko Zavrtanik , Arnulfo Zepeda , Yue Zhu , Benedikt Zimmermann , Michael Ziolkowski , Francesca Zuccarello

A measurement of the lateral distribution of Cherenkov light in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) at E0 = 10-100 TeV and a study of the compatibility of the photon number spectra with the expectations from the direct measurements of p and He…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 The EAS-TOP , MACRO Collaborations

The Atmospheric Cherenkov Imaging Technique has opened up the gamma-ray spectrum from 100 GeV to 50 TeV to astrophysical exploration. The development of the technique (with emphasis on the early days) is described as are the basic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-09 Trevor C. Weekes

We reconstructed the energy and the position of the shower maximum of air showers with energies $E \gtrsim 100 $PeV applying a method using radio measurements performed with Tunka-Rex. An event-to-event comparison to air-Cherenkov…

The luminosity densities of high-energy cosmic radiations are studied to find connections among the various components, including high-energy neutrinos measured with IceCube and gamma rays with the Fermi satellite. Matching the cosmic-ray…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-05-09 Kohta Murase , Masataka Fukugita
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