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In the ever-evolving field of Artificial Intelligence, a critical challenge has been to decipher the decision-making processes within the so-called "black boxes" in deep learning. Over recent years, a plethora of methods have emerged,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Karam Dawoud , Wojciech Samek , Peter Eisert , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Sebastian Bosse

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been one of the most influential recent developments in computer vision, particularly for categorization. There is an increasing demand for explainable AI as these systems are deployed in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-21 Tian Xu , Jiayu Zhan , Oliver G. B. Garrod , Philip H. S. Torr , Song-Chun Zhu , Robin A. A. Ince , Philippe G. Schyns

This article presents the prediction difference analysis method for visualizing the response of a deep neural network to a specific input. When classifying images, the method highlights areas in a given input image that provide evidence for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-02-16 Luisa M Zintgraf , Taco S Cohen , Tameem Adel , Max Welling

Although deep learning models are powerful among various applications, most deep learning models are still a black box, lacking verifiability and interpretability, which means the decision-making process that human beings cannot understand.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Qianmengke Zhao , Ye Wang , Qun Liu

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved breakthrough performance in many pattern recognition tasks such as image classification. However, the development of high-quality deep models typically relies on a substantial amount…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-05-05 Mengchen Liu , Jiaxin Shi , Zhen Li , Chongxuan Li , Jun Zhu , Shixia Liu

We present an approach to explain the decisions of black box models for image classification. While using the black box to label images, our explanation method exploits the latent feature space learned through an adversarial autoencoder.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Riccardo Guidotti , Anna Monreale , Stan Matwin , Dino Pedreschi

Neural networks have emerged as powerful tools across various applications, yet their decision-making process often remains opaque, leading to them being perceived as "black boxes." This opacity raises concerns about their interpretability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Pirzada Suhail , Hao Tang , Amit Sethi

Neural networks are commonly regarded as black boxes performing incomprehensible functions. For classification problems networks provide maps from high dimensional feature space to K-dimensional image space. Images of training vector are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-26 Wlodzislaw Duch

CNNs are now prevalent as the primary choice for most machine vision problems due to their superior rate of classification and the availability of user-friendly libraries. These networks effortlessly identify and select features in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sai Teja Erukude

Black box systems for automated decision making, often based on machine learning over (big) data, map a user's features into a class or a score without exposing the reasons why. This is problematic not only for lack of transparency, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Dino Pedreschi , Fosca Giannotti , Riccardo Guidotti , Anna Monreale , Luca Pappalardo , Salvatore Ruggieri , Franco Turini

Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Frincy Clement , Ji Yang , Irene Cheng

Algorithms are powerful and necessary tools behind a large part of the information we use every day. However, they may introduce new sources of bias, discrimination and other unfair practices that affect people who are unaware of it.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Francesco Ventura , Tania Cerquitelli

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been shown to outperform traditional machine learning algorithms in a broad variety of application domains due to their effectiveness in modeling complex problems and handling high-dimensional datasets. Many…

CNNs have become one of the most commonly used computational tool in the past two decades. One of the primary downsides of CNNs is that they work as a ``black box", where the user cannot necessarily know how the image data are analyzed, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Sai Teja Erukude , Akhil Joshi , Lior Shamir

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been established as the main workhorse in image data processing; nonetheless, they require large amounts of data to train, often produce overconfident predictions, and frequently lack the ability to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sarah Harkins Dayton , Hayden Everett , Ioannis Schizas , David L. Boothe , Vasileios Maroulas

The classification of internet traffic has become increasingly important due to the rapid growth of today's networks and applications. The number of connections and the addition of new applications in our networks causes a vast amount of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Igor Cherepanov , Alex Ulmer , Jonathan Geraldi Joewono , Jörn Kohlhammer

We look at the internal structure of neural networks which is usually treated as a black box. The easiest and the most comprehensible thing to do is to look at a binary classification and try to understand the approach a neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Tushar Pandey

While deep neural networks are extremely effective at classifying images, they remain opaque and hard to interpret. We introduce local and global explanation methods for black-box models that generate explanations in terms of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bhavan Vasu , Giuseppe Raffa , Prasad Tadepalli

Recent advancements in signal processing and machine learning domains have resulted in an extensive surge of interest in deep learning models due to their unprecedented performance and high accuracy for different and challenging problems of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-01 Atefeh Shahroudnejad , Arash Mohammadi , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis

Breast cancer is a relatively common cancer among gynecological cancers. Its diagnosis often relies on the pathology of cells in the lesion. The pathological diagnosis of breast cancer not only requires professionals and time, but also…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-15 MingXuan Xiao , Yufeng Li , Xu Yan , Min Gao , Weimin Wang