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In this paper we develop a new machinery to study the capacity of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to approximate high-dimensional functions without suffering from the curse of dimensionality. Specifically, we introduce a concept which we…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-01-29 Pierfrancesco Beneventano , Patrick Cheridito , Arnulf Jentzen , Philippe von Wurstemberger

As demonstrated in many areas of real-life applications, neural networks have the capability of dealing with high dimensional data. In the fields of optimal control and dynamical systems, the same capability was studied and verified in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Wei Kang , Qi Gong

The purpose of the present paper is to study the computation complexity of deep ReLU neural networks to approximate functions in H\"older-Nikol'skii spaces of mixed smoothness $H_\infty^\alpha(\mathbb{I}^d)$ on the unit cube…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Dinh Dũng , Van Kien Nguyen , Mai Xuan Thao

We derive quantitative error bounds for deep neural networks (DNNs) approximating option prices on a $d$-dimensional risky asset as functions of the underlying model parameters, payoff parameters and initial conditions. We cover a general…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-27 Francesca Biagini , Lukas Gonon , Niklas Walter

We study the expressive power of deep ReLU neural networks for approximating functions in dilated shift-invariant spaces, which are widely used in signal processing, image processing, communications and so on. Approximation error bounds are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yunfei Yang , Zhen Li , Yang Wang

Activation functions play a decisive role in determining the capacity of Deep Neural Networks as they enable neural networks to capture inherent nonlinearities present in data fed to them. The prior research on activation functions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Jamshaid Ul Rahman , Faiza Makhdoom , Dianchen Lu

In a neural network with ReLU activations, the number of piecewise linear regions in the output can grow exponentially with depth. However, this is highly unlikely to happen when the initial parameters are sampled randomly, which therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Max Milkert , David Hyde , Forrest Laine

We introduce a new class of deep neural networks (DNNs) with multilayered tree-like architectures. The architectures are codified using numbers from the ring of integers of non-Archimdean local fields. These rings have a natural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-31 W. A. Zúñiga-Galindo

We study neural networks with trainable low-degree rational activation functions and show that they are more expressive and parameter-efficient than modern piecewise-linear and smooth activations such as ELU, LeakyReLU, LogSigmoid, PReLU,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maosen Tang , Alex Townsend

Recently, path norm was proposed as a new capacity measure for neural networks with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function, which takes the rescaling-invariant property of ReLU into account. It has been shown that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Shuxin Zheng , Qi Meng , Huishuai Zhang , Wei Chen , Nenghai Yu , Tie-Yan Liu

This paper presents an investigation of the approximation property of neural networks with unbounded activation functions, such as the rectified linear unit (ReLU), which is the new de-facto standard of deep learning. The ReLU network can…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Sho Sonoda , Noboru Murata

Smooth activation functions are ubiquitous in modern deep learning, yet their theoretical advantages over non-smooth counterparts remain poorly understood. In this work, we study both approximation and statistical properties of neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-03 Yuhao Liu , Zilin Wang , Lei Wu , Shaobo Zhang

We show that for neural network functions that have width less or equal to the input dimension all connected components of decision regions are unbounded. The result holds for continuous and strictly monotonic activation functions as well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Hans-Peter Beise , Steve Dias Da Cruz , Udo Schröder

This survey provides an in-depth and explanatory review of the approximation properties of deep neural networks, with a focus on feed-forward and residual architectures. The primary objective is to examine how effectively neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Owen Davis , Mohammad Motamed

Activation functions play a key role in neural networks so it becomes fundamental to understand their advantages and disadvantages in order to achieve better performances. This paper will first introduce common types of non linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Dabal Pedamonti

Conventional techniques for imposing monotonicity in MLPs by construction involve the use of non-negative weight constraints and bounded activation functions, which pose well-known optimization challenges. In this work, we generalize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Davide Sartor , Alberto Sinigaglia , Gian Antonio Susto

We study the theory of neural network (NN) from the lens of classical nonparametric regression problems with a focus on NN's ability to adaptively estimate functions with heterogeneous smoothness -- a property of functions in Besov or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Kaiqi Zhang , Yu-Xiang Wang

Deep learning based on deep neural networks of various structures and architectures has been powerful in many practical applications, but it lacks enough theoretical verifications. In this paper, we consider a family of deep convolutional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Zhiying Fang , Han Feng , Shuo Huang , Ding-Xuan Zhou

We establish that randomly initialized neural networks, with large width and a natural choice of hyperparameters, have nearly independent outputs exactly when their activation function is nonlinear with zero mean under the Gaussian measure:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 John Dunbar , Scott Aaronson

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have garnered significant attention in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Activation functions define how neurons in DNNs process incoming signals for them. They are essential for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Jianfei Li , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou
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