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Pixelated detectors in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) generate large volumes of data, often tens to hundreds of GB per scan. However, to make current advancements scalable and enable widespread adoption, it is essential to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-07-16 Arno Annys , Hoelen L. Lalandec Robert , Saleh Gholam , Joke Hadermann , Jo Verbeeck

Here a new microscopic method is proposed to image and characterize very thin samples like few-layer materials, organic molecules, and nanostructures with nanometer or sub-nanometer resolution using electron beams of energies lower than 20…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-01-06 Ing-Shouh Hwang

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials on length scales ranging from microns to atoms. By using a high-speed, direct electron detector, it is now possible to record a…

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has become the technique of choice for quantitative characterization of atomic structure of materials, where the minute displacements of atomic columns from high-symmetry positions can be…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-10-05 Kevin M. Roccapriore , Nicole Creange , Maxim Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has advanced rapidly in the last decade thanks to the ability to correct the major aberrations of the probe forming lens. Now atomic-sized beams are routine, even at accelerating voltages as…

We analyze the quantum limit of sensitivity in four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM), which has emerged as a favored technique for imaging the structure of a wide variety of materials, including biological and…

Optics · Physics 2024-08-14 Christian Dwyer , David M. Paganin

Electron tomography offers important three-dimensional (3D) structural information which cannot be observed by two-dimensional imaging. By combining annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) with aberration…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-06-29 Juhyeok Lee , Moosung Lee , YongKeun Park , Colin Ophus , Yongsoo Yang

Automated experiments in 4D Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy are implemented for rapid discovery of local structures, symmetry-breaking distortions, and internal electric and magnetic fields in complex materials. Deep kernel…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-04-22 Kevin M. Roccapriore , Ondrej Dyck , Mark P. Oxley , Maxim Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

We propose algorithms based on an optimisation method for inverse multislice ptychography in, e.g. electron microscopy. The multislice method is widely used to model the interaction between relativistic electrons and thick specimens. Since…

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been extensively used for imaging complex materials down to atomic resolution. The most commonly employed STEM modality, annular dark-field imaging, produces easily-interpretable…

Nowadays, modern electron microscopes deliver images at atomic scale. The precise atomic structure encodes information about material properties. Thus, an important ingredient in the image analysis is to locate the centers of the atoms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Benjamin Berkels , Benedikt Wirth

Forecasting is critical in areas such as finance, biology, and healthcare. Despite the progress in the field, making accurate forecasts remains challenging because real-world time series contain both global trends, local fine-grained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Zihao Chen , Alexandre Andre , Wenrui Ma , Ian Knight , Sergey Shuvaev , Eva Dyer

Precession of a converged beam during acquisition of a 4D-STEM dataset improves strain, orientation, and phase mapping accuracy by averaging over continuous angles of illumination. Precession experiments usually rely on integrated systems,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-10-20 Stephanie M. Ribet , Rohan Dhall , Colin Ophus , Karen C. Bustillo

Robotic imitation learning typically requires models that capture multimodal action distributions while operating at real-time control rates and accommodating multiple sensing modalities. Although recent generative approaches such as…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Amisha Bhaskar , Pratap Tokekar , Stefano Di Cairano , Alexander Schperberg

4D-STEM, in which the 2D diffraction plane is captured for each 2D scan position in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) using a pixelated detector, is complementing and increasingly replacing existing imaging approaches.…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-07-27 Colum M. O'Leary , Benedikt Haas , Christoph T. Koch , Peter D. Nellist , Lewys Jones

The development of four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) using fast detectors has opened-up new avenues for addressing some of long-standing challenges in electron imaging. One of these challenges is how to…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-01-19 Yu-Tsun Shao , Renliang Yuan , Haw-Wen Hsiao , Qun Yang , Yang Hu , Jian-Min Zuo

The utilization of model checking has been suggested as a formal verification technique for analyzing critical systems. However, the primary challenge in applying to complex systems is state space explosion problem. To address this issue,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Mohammadsadegh Mohaghegh , Khayyam Salehi

Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) is a powerful technique for imaging surfaces with atomic resolution, providing insight into physical and chemical processes at the level of single atoms and molecules. A regular task of STM image…

High quality scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data acquisition and analysis has become increasingly important due to the commercial demand for investigating the properties of complex materials such as battery cathodes;…

Four dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) records the scattering of electrons in a material in great detail. The benefits offered by 4D STEM are substantial, with the wealth of data it provides facilitating for…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-12-09 Daen Jannis , Christoph Hofer , Chuang Gao , Xiaobin Xie , Armand Béché , Timothy J. Pennycook , Jo Verbeeck