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The Softmax loss is one of the most widely employed surrogate objectives for classification and ranking tasks. To elucidate its theoretical properties, the Fenchel-Young framework situates it as a canonical instance within a broad family of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yuanhao Pu , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

Loss functions are error metrics that quantify the difference between a prediction and its corresponding ground truth. Fundamentally, they define a functional landscape for traversal by gradient descent. Although numerous loss functions…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-09 Chaitanya Kaul , Nick Pears , Hang Dai , Roderick Murray-Smith , Suresh Manandhar

Graph neural networks (GNN) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which aim to degrade the performance of GNNs through imperceptible changes on the graph. However, we find that in fact the prevalent meta-gradient-based attacks, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Kanghoon Yoon , Yeonjun In , Namkyeong Lee , Kibum Kim , Chanyoung Park

Classification on imbalanced datasets is a challenging task in real-world applications. Training conventional classification algorithms directly by minimizing classification error in this scenario can compromise model performance for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Xiangrui Li , Dongxiao Zhu

Developers rely on code comments to document their work, track issues, and understand the source code. As such, comments provide valuable insights into developers' understanding of their code and describe their various intentions in writing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Moritz Mock , Thomas Borsani , Giuseppe Di Fatta , Barbara Russo

Supervised contrastive learning (SupCon) has proven to be a powerful alternative to the standard cross-entropy loss for classification of multi-class balanced datasets. However, it struggles to learn well-conditioned representations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 David Mildenberger , Paul Hager , Daniel Rueckert , Martin J Menten

Recent advances in deep learning have pushed the performances of visual saliency models way further than it has ever been. Numerous models in the literature present new ways to design neural networks, to arrange gaze pattern data, or to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Alexandre Bruckert , Hamed R. Tavakoli , Zhi Liu , Marc Christie , Olivier Le Meur

We study the consistency of surrogate risks for robust binary classification. It is common to learn robust classifiers by adversarial training, which seeks to minimize the expected $0$-$1$ loss when each example can be maliciously corrupted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Natalie Frank , Jonathan Niles-Weed

Representations in the form of Symmetric Positive Definite (SPD) matrices have been popularized in a variety of visual learning applications due to their demonstrated ability to capture rich second-order statistics of visual data. There…

The Area Under the Curve (AUC) is an important performance metric for classification tasks, particularly in class-imbalanced scenarios. However, minimizing the AUC presents significant challenges due to the non-convex and discontinuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 JunRu Luo , Difei Cheng , Bo Zhang

In the last years, reinforcement learning received a lot of attention. One method to solve reinforcement learning tasks is Neuroevolution, where neural networks are optimized by evolutionary algorithms. A disadvantage of Neuroevolution is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Jörg Stork , Martin Zaefferer , Thomas Bartz-Beielstein , A. E. Eiben

Global optimization of expensive functions has important applications in physical and computer experiments. It is a challenging problem to develop efficient optimization scheme, because each function evaluation can be costly and the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-22 Ray-Bing Chen , Yuan Wang , C. F. Jeff Wu

Modern algorithms for binary classification rely on an intermediate regression problem for computational tractability. In this paper, we establish a geometric distinction between classification and regression that allows risk in these two…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-19 Suhas Vijaykumar , Claire Lazar Reich

Incorrectly labelled training data are frustratingly ubiquitous in both benchmark and specially curated datasets. Such mislabelling clearly adversely affects the performance and generalizability of models trained through supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Nicholas Pellegrino , David Szczecina , Paul Fieguth

Commonly used objective functions (losses) for a supervised optimization of discriminative neural network classifiers were either distribution-based or metric-based. The distribution-based losses could compromise the generalization or cause…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Faezeh Fallah

Contrastive representation learning encourages data representation to make semantically similar pairs closer than randomly drawn negative samples, which has been successful in various domains such as vision, language, and graphs. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Han Bao , Yoshihiro Nagano , Kento Nozawa

There is growing evidence that converting targets to soft targets in supervised learning can provide considerable gains in performance. Much of this work has considered classification, converting hard zero-one values to soft labels---such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-13 Ehsan Imani , Martha White

In multi-label classification, where a single example may be associated with several class labels at the same time, the ability to model dependencies between labels is considered crucial to effectively optimize non-decomposable evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Michael Rapp , Eneldo Loza Mencía , Johannes Fürnkranz , Eyke Hüllermeier

In this paper, we develop upon the topic of loss function learning, an emergent meta-learning paradigm that aims to learn loss functions that significantly improve the performance of the models trained under them. Specifically, we propose a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Christian Raymond , Qi Chen , Bing Xue , Mengjie Zhang

While neural network binary classifiers are often evaluated on metrics such as Accuracy and $F_1$-Score, they are commonly trained with a cross-entropy objective. How can this training-evaluation gap be addressed? While specific techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Nathan Tsoi , Kate Candon , Deyuan Li , Yofti Milkessa , Marynel Vázquez