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The mechanisms by which modularity emerges in complex networks are not well understood but recent reports have suggested that modularity may arise from evolutionary selection. We show that finding the modularity of a network is analogous to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 Roger Guimera , Marta Sales-Pardo , Luis A. N. Amaral

Modularity was introduced as a measure of goodness for the community structure induced by a partition of the set of vertices in a graph. Then, it also became an objective function used to find good partitions, with high success.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2010-08-25 José Ignacio Alvarez-Hamelin , Beiró Mariano Gastón , Jorge Rodolfo Busch

We consider a model for complex networks that was recently proposed as a model for complex networks by Krioukov et al. In this model, nodes are chosen randomly inside a disk in the hyperbolic plane and two nodes are connected if they are at…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-14 Tobias Müller , Merlijn Staps

Degree heterogeneity and latent geometry, also referred to as popularity and similarity, are key explanatory components underlying the structure of real-world networks. The relationship between these components and the statistical…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Keith Malcolm Smith , Jason P. Smith

We consider Gallai's graph Modular Decomposition theory for network analytics. On the one hand, by arguing that this is a choice tool for understanding structural and functional similarities among nodes in a network. On the other, by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Carenne Ludena , Miguel mendez , Nicolas Bolivar

We consider the component structure of a recent model of random graphs on the hyperbolic plane that was introduced by Krioukov et al. The model exhibits a power law degree sequence, small distances and clustering, features that are…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-09-05 Nikolaos Fountoulakis , Tobias Müller

We present a compact matrix formulation of the modularity, a commonly used quality measure for the community division in a network. Using this formulation we calculate the density of modularities, a statistical measure of the probability of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-08-16 Erik Holmström , Nicolas Bock , Johan Brännlund

Numerous networked systems feature a structure of nontrivial communities, which often correspond to their functional modules. Such communities have been detected in real-world biological, social and technological systems, as well as in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-07-08 Charo I. del Genio

Generative mechanisms which lead to empirically observed structure of networked systems from diverse fields like biology, technology and social sciences form a very important part of study of complex networks. The structure of many…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-12-03 Snehal M. Shekatkar , G. Ambika

Real-data networks often appear to have strong modularity, or network-of-networks structure, in which subgraphs of various size and consistency occur. Finding the respective subgraph structure is of great importance, in particular for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2008-09-29 Mitrovic Marija , Bosiljka Tadic

The clustering property of complex networks indicates the abundance of small dense subgraphs in otherwise sparse networks. For a community-affiliation network defined by a superposition of Bernoulli random graphs, which has a nonvanishing…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Mindaugas Bloznelis , Joona Karjalainen , Lasse Leskelä

Given a graph of interactions, a module (also called a community or cluster) is a subset of nodes whose fitness is a function of the statistical significance of the pairwise interactions of nodes in the module. The topic of this paper is a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-08-20 Bhaskar DasGupta , Devendra Desai

We show that modularity, a quantity introduced in the study of networked systems, can be generalized and used in the clustering problem as an indicator for the quality of the solution. The introduction of this measure arises very naturally…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-11 L. Angelini , D. Marinazzo , M. Pellicoro , S. Stramaglia

Many real-world complex networks exhibit a community structure, in which the modules correspond to actual functional units. Identifying these communities is a key challenge for scientists. A common approach is to search for the network…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-12-22 Federico Botta , Charo I. del Genio

We characterize the large-sample properties of network modularity in the presence of covariates, under a natural and flexible nonparametric null model. This provides for the first time an objective measure of whether or not a particular…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-03-04 Beate Franke , Patrick J. Wolfe

Edge expansion is a parameter indicating how well-connected a graph is. It is useful for designing robust networks, analysing random walks or information flow through a network and is an important notion in theoretical computer science.…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-12 Colin McDiarmid , Katarzyna Rybarczyk , Fiona Skerman , Małgorzata Sulkowska

Modularity is a widely used measure for evaluating community structure in networks. The definition of modularity involves a comparison of within-community edges in the observed network and that number in an equivalent randomized network.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-02-13 Xin Liu , Tsuyoshi Murata , Ken Wakita

In network science, a group of nodes connected with each other at higher probability than with those outside the group is referred to as a community. From the perspective that individual communities are associated with functional modules…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-12-10 Hiroshi Okamoto , Xu-le Qiu

A wide variety of complex networks (social, biological, information etc.) exhibit local clustering with substantial variation in the clustering coefficient (the probability of neighbors being connected). Existing models of large graphs…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-09-28 Samantha Petti , Santosh Vempala

Complex networks have recently attracted much interest due to their prevalence in nature and our daily lives [1, 2]. A critical property of a network is its resilience to random breakdown and failure [3-6], typically studied as a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-01-08 James P. Bagrow , Sune Lehmann , Yong-Yeol Ahn