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Normally, summary quality measures are compared with quality scores produced by human annotators. A higher correlation with human scores is considered to be a fair indicator of a better measure. We discuss observations that cast doubt on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Oleg Vasilyev , John Bohannon

Modern summarization models generate highly fluent but often factually unreliable outputs. This motivated a surge of metrics attempting to measure the factuality of automatically generated summaries. Due to the lack of common benchmarks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Artidoro Pagnoni , Vidhisha Balachandran , Yulia Tsvetkov

Generating unbiased summaries in real-world settings such as political perspective summarization remains a crucial application of Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet, existing evaluation frameworks rely on traditional metrics for measuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Narutatsu Ri , Nicholas Deas , Kathleen McKeown

Evaluation of summarization tasks is extremely crucial to determining the quality of machine generated summaries. Over the last decade, ROUGE has become the standard automatic evaluation measure for evaluating summarization tasks. While…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-03-07 Kavita Ganesan

As language models become more powerful, training and evaluation are increasingly bottlenecked by the data and metrics used for a particular task. For example, summarization models are often trained to predict human reference summaries and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Nisan Stiennon , Long Ouyang , Jeff Wu , Daniel M. Ziegler , Ryan Lowe , Chelsea Voss , Alec Radford , Dario Amodei , Paul Christiano

Recent work in the field of automatic summarization and headline generation focuses on maximizing ROUGE scores for various news datasets. We present an alternative, extrinsic, evaluation metric for this task, Answering Performance for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Matan Eyal , Tal Baumel , Michael Elhadad

Canonical automatic summary evaluation metrics, such as ROUGE, focus on lexical similarity which cannot well capture semantics nor linguistic quality and require a reference summary which is costly to obtain. Recently, there have been a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Forrest Sheng Bao , Hebi Li , Ge Luo , Minghui Qiu , Yinfei Yang , Youbiao He , Cen Chen

Despite the accelerating presence of exploratory causal analysis in modern science and medicine, the available non-experimental methods for validating causal models are not well characterized. One of the most popular methods is to evaluate…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-20 Ritwick Banerjee , Bryan Andrews , Erich Kummerfeld

Evaluating the factual consistency of abstractive text summarization remains a significant challenge, particularly for long documents, where conventional metrics struggle with input length limitations and long-range dependencies. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zain Muhammad Mujahid , Dustin Wright , Isabelle Augenstein

An important problem of the sequence-to-sequence neural models widely used in abstractive summarization is exposure bias. To alleviate this problem, re-ranking systems have been applied in recent years. Despite some performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Jeewoo Sul , Yong Suk Choi

Evaluating automatically-generated text summaries is a challenging task. While there have been many interesting approaches, they still fall short of human evaluations. We present RISE, a new approach for evaluating summaries by leveraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 David Uthus , Jianmo Ni

Text summarization models are often trained to produce summaries that meet human quality requirements. However, the existing evaluation metrics for summary text are only rough proxies for summary quality, suffering from low correlation with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Wuhang Lin , Shasha Li , Chen Zhang , Bin Ji , Jie Yu , Jun Ma , Zibo Yi

Meeting summarization has become a critical task considering the increase in online interactions. While new techniques are introduced regularly, their evaluation uses metrics not designed to capture meeting-specific errors, undermining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Frederic Kirstein , Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

We explore the need for more comprehensive and precise evaluation techniques for generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in text summarization tasks, specifically in the area of opinion summarization. Traditional methods, which leverage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Leandro Anghinoni , Jorge Sanchez

Automatic evaluation metrics have been facilitating the rapid development of automatic summarization methods by providing instant and fair assessments of the quality of summaries. Most metrics have been developed for the general domain,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Hongyi Yuan , Yaoyun Zhang , Fei Huang , Songfang Huang

Abstractive summarization models typically generate content unfaithful to the input, thus highlighting the significance of evaluating the faithfulness of generated summaries. Most faithfulness metrics are only evaluated on news domain, can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Sicong Huang , Asli Celikyilmaz , Haoran Li

The emergence of powerful LLMs has led to a paradigm shift in abstractive summarization of spoken documents. The properties that make LLMs so valuable for this task -- creativity, ability to produce fluent speech, and ability to abstract…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Margaret Kroll , Kelsey Kraus

Automated source code summarization is a popular software engineering research topic wherein machine translation models are employed to "translate" code snippets into relevant natural language descriptions. Most evaluations of such models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Junayed Mahmud , Fahim Faisal , Raihan Islam Arnob , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Kevin Moran

Interpretability and efficiency are two important considerations for the adoption of neural automatic metrics. In this work, we develop strong-performing automatic metrics for reference-based summarization evaluation, based on a two-stage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yixin Liu , Alexander R. Fabbri , Yilun Zhao , Pengfei Liu , Shafiq Joty , Chien-Sheng Wu , Caiming Xiong , Dragomir Radev

There has been a growing interest in developing machine learning (ML) models for code summarization tasks, e.g., comment generation and method naming. Despite substantial increase in the effectiveness of ML models, the evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Pengyu Nie , Jiyang Zhang , Junyi Jessy Li , Raymond J. Mooney , Milos Gligoric