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In this paper, we complete the enumeration of the number of parking functions of length $n$ avoiding, in the sense defined by Qiu and Remmel, a permutation of length 3, answering several questions of Adeniran and Pudwell. Additionally, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Ben Adenbaum

We introduce the class of bilateral parking procedures on the integer line. While cars try to park in the nearest available spot to their right in the classical case, we consider more general parking rules that allow cars to use the nearest…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Philippe Nadeau

In this paper, we obtain a q-exponential generating function for inversions on parking functions via symmetric function theory and also through a direct bijection to rooted labeled forests. We then apply these techniques to unit interval…

Given an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, and a designated vertex $q\in V$, the notion of a $G$-parking function (with respect to $q$) was independently developed and studied by various authors, and has recently gained renewed attention. This…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-03-01 Brian Benson , Deeparnab Chakrabarty , Prasad Tetali

Graphical parking functions, or $G$-parking functions, are a generalization of classical parking functions which depend on a connected multigraph $G$ having a distinguished root vertex. Gaydarov and Hopkins characterized the relationship…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-19 Lauren Snider , Catherine Yan

We propose a characterization of $k$-Naples parking functions in terms of subsequences with the structure of a complete $k$-Naples parking function. We define complete parking preferences by requiring that for all $j=2,\dots,n$, the number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-11-08 Francesco Verciani

A parking function of length $n$ is a sequence $\pi=(\pi_1,\dots, \pi_n)$ of positive integers such that if $\lambda_1\leq\cdots\leq \lambda_n$ is the increasing rearrangement of $\pi_1,\dots,\pi_n$, then $\lambda_i\leq i$ for $1\leq i\leq…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Martin Rubey , Mei Yin

We recall that a parking function of length $n+1$ is said to be prime if removing any instance of 1 yields a parking function of length $n$. In this article, we study prime parking functions from multiple lenses. We derive an explicit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Pamela E. Harris , Selvi Kara , Erin McNicholas , Kathryn Nyman , Mei Yin

Let $1\leq r\leq n$ and suppose that, when the Depth-first Search Algorithm is applied to a given rooted labelled tree on $n+1$ vertices, exactly $r$ vertices are visited before backtracking. Let $R$ be the set of trees with this property.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-08 Rui Duarte , António Guedes de Oliveira

In this paper we present new results on the enumeration of parking functions and labeled forests. We introduce new statistics on parking functions, which are then extended to labeled forests via bijective correspondences. We determine the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Stephan Wagner , Catherine H. Yan , Mei Yin

A parking function $(c_1,\ldots,c_n)$ can be viewed as having $n$ cars trying to park on a one-way street with $n$ parking spots, where car $i$ tries to park in spot $c_i$, and otherwise he parks in the leftmost available spot after $c_i$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-24 Sam Spiro

An \emph{$(r,k)$-parking function} of length $n$ may be defined as a sequence $(a_1,\dots,a_n)$ of positive integers whose increasing rearrangement $b_1\leq\cdots\leq b_n$ satisfies $b_i\leq k+(i-1)r$. The case $r=k=1$ corresponds to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-18 Richard Stanley , Yinghui Wang

Consider a uniform random rooted tree on vertices labelled by $[n] = \{1,2,\ldots,n\}$, with edges directed towards the root. We imagine that each node of the tree has space for a single car to park. A number $m \le n$ of cars arrive one by…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-03-06 Christina Goldschmidt , Michał Przykucki

The displacement of a parking function measures the total difference between where cars want to park and where they ultimately park. In this article, we prove that the set of parking functions of length $n$ with displacement one is in…

Recall that $\alpha=(a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n)\in[n]^n$ is a parking function if its nondecreasing rearrangement $\beta=(b_1,b_2,\ldots,b_n)$ satisfies $b_i\leq i$ for all $1\leq i\leq n$. In this article, we study parking functions based on…

Kreweras proved that the reversed sum enumerator for parking functions of length $n$ is equal to the inversion enumerator for labeled trees on $n+1$ vertices. Recently, Perkinson, Yang, and Yu gave a bijective proof of this equality that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-24 Petar Gaydarov , Sam Hopkins

For any integers $1\leq k\leq n$, we introduce a new family of parking functions called $k$-vacillating parking functions of length $n$. The parking rule for $k$-vacillating parking functions allows a car with preference $p$ to park in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-27 Bruce Fang , Pamela E. Harris , Brian M. Kamau , David Wang

Naples parking functions were introduced as a generalization of classical parking functions, in which cars are allowed to park backwards, by checking up to a fixed number of previous slots, before proceedings forward as usual. In our…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Luca Ferrari , Francesco Verciani

There are several combinatorial objects that are known to be in bijection to the spanning trees of a graph G. These objects include G-parking functions, critical configurations of G, and descending traversals of G. In this paper, we extend…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Dimitrije Kostic

A classical parking function of length $n$ is a list of positive integers $(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n)$ whose nondecreasing rearrangement $b_1 \leq b_2 \leq \cdots \leq b_n$ satisfies $b_i \leq i$. The convex hull of all parking functions of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-12 Mitsuki Hanada , John Lentfer , Andrés R. Vindas-Meléndez