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Willems' Fundamental Lemma enables parameterizing all trajectories generated by a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system directly from data. However, this lemma relies on the assumption of noiseless measurements. In this paper, we provide an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 Sahand Kiani , Constantino M. Lagoa

The fundamental lemma by Jan C. Willems and co-authors enables the representation of all input-output trajectories of a linear time-invariant system by measured input-output data. This result has proven to be pivotal for data-driven…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-06 Guanru Pan , Ruchuan Ou , Timm Faulwasser

By means of the linear parameter-varying (LPV) Fundamental Lemma, we derive novel data-driven predictive control (DPC) methods for LPV systems. In particular, we present output-feedback and state-feedback-based LPV-DPC methods with terminal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-26 Chris Verhoek , Julian Berberich , Sofie Haesaert , Roland Tóth , Hossam S. Abbas

Willems' fundamental lemma and system level synthesis both characterize a linear dynamic system by its input/output sequences. In this work, we extend the application of the fundamental lemma from deterministic to uncertain LTI systems and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-11 Yinghao Lian , Colin N. Jones

Recent literature has shown how linear time-invariant (LTI) systems can be represented by trajectories features, that is relying on a single input-output (IO) data dictionary to span all possible system trajectories, as long as the input is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-18 Marcelo Menezes Morato , Julio Elias Normey-Rico , Olivier Sename

The Willems' fundamental lemma, which characterizes linear dynamics with measured trajectories, has found successful applications in controller design and signal processing, which has driven a broad research interest in its extension to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-01 Yingzhao Lian , Colin N. Jones

Willems et al.'s fundamental lemma asserts that all trajectories of a linear system can be obtained from a single given one, assuming that a persistency of excitation condition holds. This result has profound implications for system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-08 Henk J. van Waarde , Claudio De Persis , M. Kanat Camlibel , Pietro Tesi

In this note, a novel methodology that can extract a number of analysis results for linear time-invariant systems (LTI) given only a single trajectory of the considered system is proposed. The superiority of the proposed technique relies on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-22 Hassan Abdelraouf , Fahad Albalawi , Eric Feron

The vector space of all input-output trajectories of a discrete-time linear time-invariant (LTI) system is spanned by time-shifts of a single measured trajectory, given that the respective input signal is persistently exciting. This fact,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Julian Berberich , Frank Allgöwer

In this paper, we present a data-driven representation for linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems, which can be used for direct data-driven analysis and control of such systems. Specifically, we use the behavioral approach to develop a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-28 Chris Verhoek , Ivan Markovsky , Sofie Haesaert , Roland Tóth

Willems' fundamental lemma enables data-driven analysis and control by characterizing an unknown system's behavior directly in terms of measured data. In this work, we extend a recent frequency-domain variant of this result--previously…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-10 T. J. Meijer , M. Wind , V. S. Dolk , W. P. M. H. Heemels

Our recent work lays out a general framework for inferring information about the parameters and associated dynamics of a differential equation model from a discrete set of data points collected from the system being modeled. Rigorous…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-09-29 Xiaoyu Duan , Jonathan E Rubin , David Swigon

A promising step from linear towards nonlinear data-driven control is via the design of controllers for linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems, which are linear systems whose parameters are varying along a measurable scheduling signal.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Chris Verhoek , Jaap Eising , Florian Dörfler , Roland Tóth

We derive direct data-driven dissipativity analysis methods for Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems using a single sequence of input-scheduling-output data. By means of constructing a semi-definite program subject to linear matrix…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-10 Chris Verhoek , Julian Berberich , Sofie Haesaert , Frank Allgöwer , Roland Tóth

In this paper we investigate data-driven predictive control of discrete-time linear descriptor systems. Specifically, we give a tailored variant of Willems' fundamental lemma, which shows that for descriptor systems the non-parametric…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-17 Philipp Schmitz , Timm Faulwasser , Karl Worthmann

We illustrate a novel version of Willems' lemma for data-based representation of continuous-time systems. The main novelties compared to previous works are two. First, the proposed framework relies only on measured input-output trajectories…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller , Paolo Rapisarda

Willems' fundamental lemma asserts that all trajectories of a linear time-invariant system can be obtained from a finite number of measured ones, assuming that controllability and a persistency of excitation condition hold. We show that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-13 Yue Yu , Shahriar Talebi , Henk J. van Waarde , Ufuk Topcu , Mehran Mesbahi , Behçet Açıkmeşe

Koopman operator theory and Willems' fundamental lemma both can provide (approximated) data-driven linear representation for nonlinear systems. However, choosing lifting functions for the Koopman operator is challenging, and the quality of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-26 Xu Shang , Jorge Cortés , Yang Zheng

Through the use of the Fundamental Lemma for linear systems, a direct data-driven state-feedback control synthesis method is presented for a rather general class of nonlinear (NL) systems. The core idea is to develop a data-driven…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-24 Chris Verhoek , Patrick J. W. Koelewijn , Sofie Haesaert , Roland Tóth

The fundamental lemma by Willems and coauthors facilitates a parameterization of all trajectories of a linear time-invariant system in terms of a single, measured one. This result plays an important role in data-driven simulation and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-16 Jeremy Coulson , Henk van Waarde , Florian Dörfler
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