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Automatic differentiation (AD) aims to compute derivatives of user-defined functions, but in Turing-complete languages, this simple specification does not fully capture AD's behavior: AD sometimes disagrees with the true derivative of a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Alexander K. Lew , Mathieu Huot , Vikash K. Mansinghka

Algorithmic differentiation (AD) is a set of techniques that provide partial derivatives of computer-implemented functions. Such a function can be supplied to state-of-the-art AD tools via its source code, or via an intermediate…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Max Aehle , Johannes Blühdorn , Max Sagebaum , Nicolas R. Gauger

This article provides an overview of some of the mathematical principles of Automatic Differentiation (AD). In particular, we summarise different descriptions of the Forward Mode of AD, like the matrix-vector product based approach, the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-07-07 Philipp H. W. Hoffmann

Derivatives, mostly in the form of gradients and Hessians, are ubiquitous in machine learning. Automatic differentiation (AD), also called algorithmic differentiation or simply "autodiff", is a family of techniques similar to but more…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Atilim Gunes Baydin , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Alexey Andreyevich Radul , Jeffrey Mark Siskind

Automatic differentiation, also known as backpropagation, AD, autodiff, or algorithmic differentiation, is a popular technique for computing derivatives of computer programs accurately and efficiently. Sometimes, however, the derivatives…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-05-15 Jan Hückelheim , Harshitha Menon , William Moses , Bruce Christianson , Paul Hovland , Laurent Hascoët

Automatic differentiation (AD) is an important family of algorithms which enables derivative based optimization. We show that AD can be simply implemented with effects and handlers by doing so in the Frank language. By considering how our…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Jesse Sigal

Automatic differentiation (AD) is a set of techniques that systematically applies the chain rule to compute the gradients of functions without requiring human intervention. Although the fundamentals of this technology were established…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Afif Boudaoud , Alexandru Calotoiu , Marcin Copik , Torsten Hoefler

Forward Automatic Differentiation (AD) is a technique for augmenting programs to compute derivatives. The essence of Forward AD is to attach perturbations to each number, and propagate these through the computation. When derivatives are…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Oleksandr Manzyuk , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Alexey Andreyevich Radul , David R. Rush , Jeffrey Mark Siskind

Automatic differentiation (AD) has been a topic of interest for researchers in many disciplines, with increased popularity since its application to machine learning and neural networks. Although many researchers appreciate and know how to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Birthe van den Berg , Tom Schrijvers , James McKinna , Alexander Vandenbroucke

RooFit is a toolkit for statistical modeling and fitting used by most experiments in particle physics. Just as data sets from next-generation experiments grow, processing requirements for physics analysis become more computationally…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Garima Singh , Jonas Rembser , Lorenzo Moneta , David Lange , Vassil Vassilev

In scientific computation, it is often necessary to calculate higher-order derivatives of a function. Currently, two primary methods for higher-order automatic differentiation exist: symbolic differentiation and algorithmic automatic…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 He Zhang

We present a technique for applying (forward and) reverse-mode automatic differentiation (AD) on a non-recursive second-order functional array language that supports nested parallelism and is primarily aimed at efficient GPU execution. The…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Robert Schenck , Ola Rønning , Troels Henriksen , Cosmin E. Oancea

Where dual-numbers forward-mode automatic differentiation (AD) pairs each scalar value with its tangent value, dual-numbers reverse-mode AD attempts to achieve reverse AD using a similarly simple idea: by pairing each scalar value with a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Tom Smeding , Matthijs Vákár

Many problems in Physics and Chemistry are formulated as the minimization of a functional. Therefore, methods for solving these problems typically require differentiating maps whose input and/or output are functions -- commonly referred to…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Kangbo Li , Anil Damle

The Harmonic Balance-Alternating Frequency-Time domain (HB-AFT) method is extensively employed for dynamic response analysis of nonlinear systems. However, its application to high-dimensional complex systems is constrained by the manual…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yi Chen , Yuhong Jin , Rongzhou Lin , Yifan Jiang , Xutao Mei , Lei Houb , Yilong Wang , Ng Teng Yong , Anxin Guo

The need to efficiently calculate first- and higher-order derivatives of increasingly complex models expressed in Python has stressed or exceeded the capabilities of available tools. In this work, we explore techniques from the field of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Bart van Merriënboer , Dan Moldovan , Alexander B Wiltschko

In this paper we introduce DiffSharp, an automatic differentiation (AD) library designed with machine learning in mind. AD is a family of techniques that evaluate derivatives at machine precision with only a small constant factor of…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2015-11-30 Atilim Gunes Baydin , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Jeffrey Mark Siskind

Automatic Differentiation (AD) has become a dominant technique in ML. AD frameworks have first been implemented for imperative languages using tapes. Meanwhile, functional implementations of AD have been developed, often based on dual…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Timon Böhler , David Richter , Mira Mezini

The application of operator overloading algorithmic differentiation (AD) to computer programs in order to compute the derivative is quite common. But, the replacement of the underlying computational floating point type with the specialized…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Max Sagebaum , Nicolas R. Gauger

As we reach the limit of Moore's Law, researchers are exploring different paradigms to achieve unprecedented performance. Approximate Computing (AC), which relies on the ability of applications to tolerate some error in the results to…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-04-14 Garima Singh , Baidyanath Kundu , Harshitha Menon , Alexander Penev , David J. Lange , Vassil Vassilev