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We propose a novel approach to reduce memory consumption of the backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm when training recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Our approach uses dynamic programming to balance a trade-off between caching of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-06-13 Audrūnas Gruslys , Remi Munos , Ivo Danihelka , Marc Lanctot , Alex Graves

A major drawback of backpropagation through time (BPTT) is the difficulty of learning long-term dependencies, coming from having to propagate credit information backwards through every single step of the forward computation. This makes BPTT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Nan Rosemary Ke , Anirudh Goyal , Olexa Bilaniuk , Jonathan Binas , Laurent Charlin , Chris Pal , Yoshua Bengio

Truncated backpropagation through time (TBPTT) is a popular method for learning in recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that saves computation and memory at the cost of bias by truncating backpropagation after a fixed number of lags. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Christopher Aicher , Nicholas J. Foti , Emily B. Fox

Truncated Backpropagation Through Time (truncated BPTT) is a widespread method for learning recurrent computational graphs. Truncated BPTT keeps the computational benefits of Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) while relieving the need for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-05-24 Corentin Tallec , Yann Ollivier

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have become an integral part of modeling and forecasting frameworks in areas like natural language processing and high-dimensional dynamical systems such as turbulent fluid flows. To improve the accuracy of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Pantelis R. Vlachas , Petros Koumoutsakos

Dynamical networks are versatile models that can describe a variety of behaviours such as synchronisation and feedback. However, applying these models in real world contexts is difficult as prior information pertaining to the connectivity…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-08-29 Eugene Tan , Débora Corrêa , Thomas Stemler , Michael Small

Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is the de facto standard for training recurrent neural networks (RNNs), but it is non-causal and non-local. Real-time recurrent learning is a causal alternative, but it is highly inefficient. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Guillermo Martín-Sánchez , Sander Bohté , Sebastian Otte

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents performing complex tasks must be able to remember observations and actions across sizable time intervals. This is especially true during the initial learning stages, when exploratory behaviour can increase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Thomas Stepleton , Razvan Pascanu , Will Dabney , Siddhant M. Jayakumar , Hubert Soyer , Remi Munos

The way how recurrently connected networks of spiking neurons in the brain acquire powerful information processing capabilities through learning has remained a mystery. This lack of understanding is linked to a lack of learning algorithms…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Guillaume Bellec , Franz Scherr , Elias Hajek , Darjan Salaj , Robert Legenstein , Wolfgang Maass

Despite recent advances in training recurrent neural networks (RNNs), capturing long-term dependencies in sequences remains a fundamental challenge. Most approaches use backpropagation through time (BPTT), which is difficult to scale to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Trieu H. Trinh , Andrew M. Dai , Minh-Thang Luong , Quoc V. Le

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) hold immense potential for computations due to their Turing completeness and sequential processing capabilities, yet existing methods for their training encounter efficiency challenges. Backpropagation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Jesus Garcia Fernandez , Sander Keemink , Marcel van Gerven

Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is the standard algorithm for training recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which requires separate simulation phases for the forward and backward passes for inference and learning, respectively. Moreover,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Anand Subramoney

Learning long-term dependencies in extended temporal sequences requires credit assignment to events far back in the past. The most common method for training recurrent neural networks, back-propagation through time (BPTT), requires credit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Nan Rosemary Ke , Anirudh Goyal , Olexa Bilaniuk , Jonathan Binas , Michael C. Mozer , Chris Pal , Yoshua Bengio

We examine the efficiency of Recurrent Neural Networks in forecasting the spatiotemporal dynamics of high dimensional and reduced order complex systems using Reservoir Computing (RC) and Backpropagation through time (BPTT) for gated network…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-19 Pantelis R. Vlachas , Jaideep Pathak , Brian R. Hunt , Themistoklis P. Sapsis , Michelle Girvan , Edward Ott , Petros Koumoutsakos

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have recently demonstrated strong performance and faster inference than Transformers at comparable parameter budgets. However, the recursive gradient computation with the backpropagation through time (or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Paul Caillon , Erwan Fagnou , Alexandre Allauzen

Training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with standard backpropagation through time (BPTT) can be challenging, especially in the presence of long input sequences. A practical alternative to reduce computational and memory overhead is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Julian D. Schiller , Malte Heinrich , Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller

While Truncated Back-Propagation through Time (BPTT) is the most popular approach to training Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), it suffers from being inherently sequential (making parallelization difficult) and from truncating gradient flow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-17 Sam Wiseman , Sumit Chopra , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Arthur Szlam , Ruoyu Sun , Soumith Chintala , Nicolas Vasilache

The event-driven and sparse nature of communication between spiking neurons in the brain holds great promise for flexible and energy-efficient AI. Recent advances in learning algorithms have demonstrated that recurrent networks of spiking…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Bojian Yin , Federico Corradi , Sander M. Bohte

Training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with backpropagation through time (BPTT) has known drawbacks such as being difficult to capture longterm dependencies in sequences. Successful alternatives to BPTT have not yet been discovered.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Fangxin Shang , Hao Zhang

In this paper, we revisit the recurrent back-propagation (RBP) algorithm, discuss the conditions under which it applies as well as how to satisfy them in deep neural networks. We show that RBP can be unstable and propose two variants based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Renjie Liao , Yuwen Xiong , Ethan Fetaya , Lisa Zhang , KiJung Yoon , Xaq Pitkow , Raquel Urtasun , Richard Zemel
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