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In capsule networks, the routing algorithm connects capsules in consecutive layers, enabling the upper-level capsules to learn higher-level concepts by combining the concepts of the lower-level capsules. Capsule networks are known to have a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Inyoung Paik , Taeyeong Kwak , Injung Kim

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been successful in solving tasks in computer vision including medical image segmentation due to their ability to automatically extract features from unstructured data. However, CNNs are sensitive to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-18 Minh Tran , Viet-Khoa Vo-Ho , Kyle Quinn , Hien Nguyen , Khoa Luu , Ngan Le

Standard Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can be easily fooled by images with small quasi-imperceptible artificial perturbations. As alternatives to CNNs, the recently proposed Capsule Networks (CapsNets) are shown to be more robust to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Jindong Gu , Baoyuan Wu , Volker Tresp

The basic computational unit in Capsule Network (CapsNet) is a capsule (vs. neurons in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)). A capsule is a set of neurons, which form a vector. CapsNet is used for supervised classification of data and has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Pouya Shiri , Ramin Sharifi , Amirali Baniasadi

How to improve the efficiency of routing procedures in CapsNets has been studied a lot. However, the efficiency of capsule convolutions has largely been neglected. Capsule convolution, which uses capsules rather than neurons as the basic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Zhenhua Chen , Xiwen Li , Qian Lou , David Crandall

Capsule Network (CapsNet) is among the promising classifiers and a possible successor of the classifiers built based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CapsNet is more accurate than CNNs in detecting images with overlapping categories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Pouya Shiri , Amirali Baniasadi

We propose Pure CapsNets (P-CapsNets) which is a generation of normal CNNs structurally. Specifically, we make three modifications to current CapsNets. First, we remove routing procedures from CapsNets based on the observation that the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-19 Zhenhua Chen , Xiwen Li , Chuhua Wang , David Crandall

Capsule network has shown various advantages over convolutional neural network (CNN). It keeps more precise spatial information than CNN and uses equivariance instead of invariance during inference and highly potential to be a new effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-06 Zonglin Yang , Xinggang Wang

Transformer emerges as a powerful tool for visual recognition. In addition to demonstrating competitive performance on a broad range of visual benchmarks, recent works also argue that Transformers are much more robust than Convolutions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Yutong Bai , Jieru Mei , Alan Yuille , Cihang Xie

Machine learning based methods achieves impressive results in object classification and detection. Utilizing representative data of the visual world during the training phase is crucial to achieve good performance with such data driven…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Bruno Ferrarini , Shoaib Ehsan , Adrien Bartoli , Aleš Leonardis , Klaus D. McDonald-Maier

Capsule network (CapsNet) was introduced as an enhancement over convolutional neural networks, supplementing the latter's invariance properties with equivariance through pose estimation. CapsNet achieved a very decent performance with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Mohammed Amer , Tomás Maul

Capsule Neural Networks utilize capsules, which bind neurons into a single vector and learn position equivariant features, which makes them more robust than original Convolutional Neural Networks. CapsNets employ an affine transformation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Soyeon Kim , Jihyeon Seong , Hyunkyung Han , Jaesik Choi

Efforts to improve the adversarial robustness of convolutional neural networks have primarily focused on developing more effective adversarial training methods. In contrast, little attention was devoted to analyzing the role of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Shihua Huang , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Vishnu Naresh Boddeti

Capsule Network is a promising concept in deep learning, yet its true potential is not fully realized thus far, providing sub-par performance on several key benchmark datasets with complex data. Drawing intuition from the success achieved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Jathushan Rajasegaran , Vinoj Jayasundara , Sandaru Jayasekara , Hirunima Jayasekara , Suranga Seneviratne , Ranga Rodrigo

Capsule Networks (CN) offer new architectures for Deep Learning (DL) community. Though its effectiveness has been demonstrated in MNIST and smallNORB datasets, the networks still face challenges in other datasets for images with distinct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Nguyen Huu Phong , Bernardete Ribeiro

Image classification has become one of the main tasks in the field of computer vision technologies. In this context, a recent algorithm called CapsNet that implements an approach based on activity vectors and dynamic routing between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Rinat Mukhometzianov , Juan Carrillo

The adversarial robustness of a neural network mainly relies on two factors: model capacity and anti-perturbation ability. In this paper, we study the anti-perturbation ability of the network from the feature maps of convolutional layers.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Cong Xu , Wei Zhang , Jun Wang , Min Yang

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved promising results in medical image segmentation. However, CNNs require lots of training data and are incapable of handling pose and deformation of objects. Furthermore, their pooling layers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Minh Tran , Viet-Khoa Vo-Ho , Ngan T. H. Le

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have played an important role in the field of deep learning. Variants of CNN's have proven to be very successful in classification tasks across different domains. However, there are two…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-12-12 Edgar Xi , Selina Bing , Yang Jin

The traditional convolution neural networks (CNN) have several drawbacks like the Picasso effect and the loss of information by the pooling layer. The Capsule network (CapsNet) was proposed to address these challenges because its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Adewale Adeyemo , Faiq Khalid , Tolulope A. Odetola , Syed Rafay Hasan