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Deep metric learning aims to learn an embedding space where the distance between data reflects their class equivalence, even when their classes are unseen during training. However, the limited number of classes available in training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Kyungmoon Lee , Sungyeon Kim , Seunghoon Hong , Suha Kwak

Deep metric learning (DML) aims to minimize empirical expected loss of the pairwise intra-/inter- class proximity violations in the embedding space. We relate DML to feasibility problem of finite chance constraints. We show that minimizer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Yeti Z. Gurbuz , Ogul Can , A. Aydin Alatan

Deep Metric Learning (DML) aims to learn embedding functions that map semantically similar inputs to proximate points in a metric space while separating dissimilar ones. Existing methods, such as pairwise losses, are hindered by complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Pedro Silva , Guilherme A. L. Silva , Pablo Coelho , Vander Freitas , Gladston Moreira , David Menotii , Eduardo Luz

Deep metric learning aims to learn embeddings that contain semantic similarity information among data points. To learn better embeddings, methods to generate synthetic hard samples have been proposed. Existing methods of synthetic hard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Geonmo Gu , Byungsoo Ko

Proxy-based metric learning losses are superior to pair-based losses due to their fast convergence and low training complexity. However, existing proxy-based losses focus on learning class-discriminative features while overlooking the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Zhibo Yang , Muhammet Bastan , Xinliang Zhu , Doug Gray , Dimitris Samaras

Deep Metric Learning (DML) models rely on strong representations and similarity-based measures with specific loss functions. Proxy-based losses have shown great performance compared to pair-based losses in terms of convergence speed.…

Deep Metric Learning (DML) methods aim at learning an embedding space in which distances are closely related to the inherent semantic similarity of the inputs. Previous studies have shown that popular benchmark datasets often contain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Oriol Barbany , Xiaofan Lin , Muhammet Bastan , Arnab Dhua

Deep metric learning aims to construct an embedding space where samples of the same class are close to each other, while samples of different classes are far away from each other. Most existing deep metric learning methods attempt to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Liu Pingping , Liu Zetong , Lang Yijun , Zhou Qiuzhan , Li Qingliang

Existing metric learning losses can be categorized into two classes: pair-based and proxy-based losses. The former class can leverage fine-grained semantic relations between data points, but slows convergence in general due to its high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Sungyeon Kim , Dongwon Kim , Minsu Cho , Suha Kwak

Deep Metric Learning (DML) aims to learn representation spaces on which semantic relations can simply be expressed through predefined distance metrics. Best performing approaches commonly leverage class proxies as sample stand-ins for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Karsten Roth , Oriol Vinyals , Zeynep Akata

Among various supervised deep metric learning methods proxy-based approaches have achieved high retrieval accuracies. Proxies, which are class-representative points in an embedding space, receive updates based on proxy-sample similarities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Aoyu Li , Ikuro Sato , Kohta Ishikawa , Rei Kawakami , Rio Yokota

Deep learning appears as an appealing solution for Automatic Synthesizer Programming (ASP), which aims to assist musicians and sound designers in programming sound synthesizers. However, integrating software synthesizers into training…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Paolo Combes , Stefan Weinzierl , Klaus Obermayer

Proxy-based Deep Metric Learning (DML) learns deep representations by embedding images close to their class representatives (proxies), commonly with respect to the angle between them. However, this disregards the embedding norm, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Michael Kirchhof , Karsten Roth , Zeynep Akata , Enkelejda Kasneci

Modern language models are trained almost exclusively on token sequences produced by a fixed tokenizer, an external lossless compressor often over UTF-8 byte sequences, thereby coupling the model to that compressor. This work introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Lin Zheng , Xinyu Li , Qian Liu , Xiachong Feng , Lingpeng Kong

The mainstream researche in deep metric learning can be divided into two genres: proxy-based and pair-based methods. Proxy-based methods have attracted extensive attention due to the lower training complexity and fast network convergence.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Xinyue Li , Jian Wang , Wei Song , Yanling Du , Zhixiang Liu

Recently, a large number of efficient deep learning methods for solving inverse problems have been developed and show outstanding numerical performance. For these deep learning methods, however, a solid theoretical foundation in the form of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-02-04 Daniel Obmann , Johannes Schwab , Markus Haltmeier

Deep metric learning plays a key role in various machine learning tasks. Most of the previous works have been confined to sampling from a mini-batch, which cannot precisely characterize the global geometry of the embedding space. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuehua Zhu , Muli Yang , Cheng Deng , Wei Liu

The use of a few examples for each class to train a predictive model that can be generalized to novel classes is a crucial and valuable research direction in artificial intelligence. This work addresses this problem by proposing a few-shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Bin Xiao , Chien-Liang Liu , Wen-Hoar Hsaio

Learning deep representations for visual place recognition is commonly performed using pairwise or triple loss functions that highly depend on the hardness of the examples sampled at each training iteration. Existing techniques address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Amar Ali-bey , Brahim Chaib-draa , Philippe Giguère

Deep Metric Learning (DML) plays an important role in modern computer vision research, where we learn a distance metric for a set of image representations. Recent DML techniques utilize the proxy to interact with the corresponding image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Li Ren , Chen Chen , Liqiang Wang , Kien Hua
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