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In symbolic regression, the search for analytic models is typically driven purely by the prediction error observed on the training data samples. However, when the data samples do not sufficiently cover the input space, the prediction error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 J. Kubalík , E. Derner , R. Babuška

In a regression task, a function is learned from labeled data to predict the labels at new data points. The goal is to achieve small prediction errors. In symbolic regression, the goal is more ambitious, namely, to learn an interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Paul Kahlmeyer , Joachim Giesen , Michael Habeck , Henrik Voigt

Many promising approaches to symbolic regression have been presented in recent years, yet progress in the field continues to suffer from a lack of uniform, robust, and transparent benchmarking standards. In this paper, we address this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-02 William La Cava , Patryk Orzechowski , Bogdan Burlacu , Fabrício Olivetti de França , Marco Virgolin , Ying Jin , Michael Kommenda , Jason H. Moore

Symbolic regression is a machine learning method with the goal to produce interpretable results. Unlike other machine learning methods such as, e.g. random forests or neural networks, which are opaque, symbolic regression aims to model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yousef A. Radwan , Gabriel Kronberger , Stephan Winkler

Symbolic equations are at the core of scientific discovery. The task of discovering the underlying equation from a set of input-output pairs is called symbolic regression. Traditionally, symbolic regression methods use hand-designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Luca Biggio , Tommaso Bendinelli , Alexander Neitz , Aurelien Lucchi , Giambattista Parascandolo

Symbolic regression searches for analytic expressions that accurately describe studied phenomena. The main attraction of this approach is that it returns an interpretable model that can be insightful to users. Historically, the majority of…

Many real-world systems can be described by mathematical models that are human-comprehensible, easy to analyze and help explain the system's behavior. Symbolic regression is a method that can automatically generate such models from data.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Jiří Kubalík , Erik Derner , Robert Babuška

Symbolic regression is the machine learning method for learning functions from data. After a brief overview of the symbolic regression landscape, I will describe the two main challenges that traditional algorithms face: they have an unknown…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-18 Harry Desmond

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-19 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Mikel Landajuela , Ruben Glatt , Claudio P. Santiago , Daniel M. Faissol , Brenden K. Petersen

Symbolic regression is emerging as a promising machine learning method for learning succinct underlying interpretable mathematical expressions directly from data. Whereas it has been traditionally tackled with genetic programming, it has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Nour Makke , Sanjay Chawla

Machine learning models have become firmly established across all scientific fields. Extracting features from data and making inferences based on them with neural network models often yields high accuracy; however, this approach has several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Mikhail Lazarev , Andrey Ustyuzhanin

Symbolic regression is a machine learning technique, and it has seen many advancements in recent years, especially in genetic programming approaches (GPSR). Furthermore, it has been known for many years that constant optimization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 L. G. A dos Reis , V. L. P. S. Caminha , T. J. P. Penna

The process of discovering equations from data lies at the heart of physics and in many other areas of research, including mathematical ecology and epidemiology. Recently, machine learning methods known as symbolic regression emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Beatriz R. Brum , Luiza Lober , Isolde Previdelli , Francisco A. Rodrigues

Symbolic regression is a type of discrete optimization problem that involves searching expressions that fit given data points. In many cases, other mathematical constraints about the unknown expression not only provide more information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Li Li , Minjie Fan , Rishabh Singh , Patrick Riley

Symbolic regression algorithms search a space of mathematical expressions for formulas that explain given data. Transformer-based models have emerged as a promising, scalable approach shifting the expensive combinatorial search to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Henrik Voigt , Paul Kahlmeyer , Kai Lawonn , Michael Habeck , Joachim Giesen

Symbolic regression is a powerful system identification technique in industrial scenarios where no prior knowledge on model structure is available. Such scenarios often require specific model properties such as interpretability, robustness,…

Symbolic regression is a machine learning technique that can learn the governing formulas of data and thus has the potential to transform scientific discovery. However, symbolic regression is still limited in the complexity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Michael Zhang , Samuel Kim , Peter Y. Lu , Marin Soljačić

Understanding the complex interactions within the microbiome is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Traditional machine learning models often lack interpretability, which is essential for clinical and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Swagatam Haldar , Christoph Stein-Thoeringer , Vadim Borisov

Recently, several algorithms for symbolic regression (SR) emerged which employ a form of multiple linear regression (LR) to produce generalized linear models. The use of LR allows the algorithms to create models with relatively small error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Jan Žegklitz , Petr Pošík

Symbolic regression has recently gained traction in AI-driven scientific discovery, aiming to recover explicit closed-form expressions from data that reveal underlying physical laws. Despite recent advances, existing methods remain…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-02 Somjit Roy , Pritam Dey , Bani K. Mallick
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