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Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a sophisticated and persistent cy-bersecurity challenge, characterized by stealthy, multi-phase, and targeted attacks aimed at compromising information systems over an extended period.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Bassam Noori Shaker , Bahaa Al-Musawi , Mohammed Falih Hassan

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a significant challenge in cybersecurity due to their sophisticated and stealthy nature. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) often fall short in detecting these multi-stage attacks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Atmane Ayoub Mansour Bahar , Kamel Soaid Ferrahi , Mohamed-Lamine Messai , Hamida Seba , Karima Amrouche

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are sophisticated, targeted cyberattacks designed to gain unauthorized access to systems and remain undetected for extended periods. To evade detection, APT cyberattacks deceive defense layers with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Ngoc Hoang , Petko Valtchev , James Cheney , Talal Rahwan

Attack graphs are commonly used to analyse the security of medium-sized to large networks. Based on a scan of the network and likelihood information of vulnerabilities, attack graphs can be transformed into Bayesian Attack Graphs (BAGs).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Isaac Matthews , John Mace , Sadegh Soudjani , Aad van Moorsel

With the continuous improvement of attack methods, there are more and more distributed, complex, targeted attacks in which the attackers use combined attack methods to achieve the purpose. Advanced cyber attacks include multiple stages to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Xiaoyu Wang , Xiaorui Gong , Lei Yu , Jian Liu

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) pose a significant security risk to organizations and industries. These attacks often lead to severe data breaches and compromise the system for a long time. Mitigating these sophisticated attacks is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Ehsan Hallaji , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Mehrdad Saif

The escalating complexity and volume of cyberattacks demand proactive detection strategies that go beyond traditional rule-based systems. This paper presents a phase-aware, multi-model machine learning framework that emulates adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chitraksh Singh , Monisha Dhanraj , Ken Huang

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is challenging to detect due to prolonged duration, infrequent occurrence, and adept concealment techniques. Existing approaches primarily concentrate on the observable traits of attack behaviors, neglecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Xiaoxiao Liu , Fan Xu , Nan Wang , Qinxin Zhao , Dalin Zhang , Xibin Zhao , Jiqiang Liu

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are difficult to detect due to their complexity and stealthiness. To mitigate such attacks, many approaches model entities and their relationship using provenance graphs to detect the stealthy and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Wenhao Yan , Ning An , Wei Qiao , Weiheng Wu , Bo Jiang , Zhigang Lu , Baoxu Liu , Junrong Liu

The rise of advanced persistent threats (APTs) has marked a significant cybersecurity challenge, characterized by sophisticated orchestration, stealthy execution, extended persistence, and targeting valuable assets across diverse sectors.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Yuntao Wang , Han Liu , Zhendong Li , Zhou Su , Jiliang Li

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attack usually refers to the form of long-term, covert and sustained attack on specific targets, with an adversary using advanced attack techniques to destroy the key facilities of an organization. APT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Tiantian Zhu , Jinkai Yu , Tieming Chen , Jiayu Wang , Jie Ying , Ye Tian , Mingqi Lv , Yan Chen , Yuan Fan , Ting Wang

In the last decade, a new class of cyber-threats has emerged. This new cybersecurity adversary is known with the name of "Advanced Persistent Threat" (APT) and is referred to different organizations that in the last years have been "in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Giuseppe Laurenza , Riccardo Lazzeretti , Luca Mazzotti

Provenance analysis based on system audit data has emerged as a fundamental approach for investigating Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks. Due to the high concealment and long-term persistence of APT attacks, they are only represented…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qi Sheng

Because of the threat of advanced multi-step attacks, it is often difficult for security operators to completely cover all vulnerabilities when deploying remediations. Deploying sensors to monitor attacks exploiting residual vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-06-30 Aguessy François-Xavier , Bettan Olivier , Blanc Grégory , Conan Vania , Debar Hervé

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attack, also known as directed threat attack, refers to the continuous and effective attack activities carried out by an organization on a specific object. They are covert, persistent and targeted, which are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Ru Zhang , Wenxin Sun , Jianyi Liu , Jingwen Li , Guan Lei , Han Guo

An Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a multistage, highly sophisticated, and covert form of cyber threat that gains unauthorized access to networks to either steal valuable data or disrupt the targeted network. These threats often remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Bassam Noori Shaker , Bahaa Al-Musawi , Mohammed Falih Hassan

Advanced persistent threats (APTs) are sophisticated cyber attacks that can remain undetected for extended periods, making their mitigation particularly challenging. Given their persistence, significant effort is required to detect them and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Parth Atulbhai Gandhi , Prasanna N. Wudali , Yonatan Amaru , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

Risk assessment plays a crucial role in ensuring the security and resilience of modern computer systems. Existing methods for conducting risk assessments often suffer from tedious and time-consuming processes, making it challenging to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Simon Unger , Ektor Arzoglou , Markus Heinrich , Dirk Scheuermann , Stefan Katzenbeisser

Advanced persistent threats (APT) are stealthy, sophisticated, and unpredictable cyberattacks that can steal intellectual property, damage critical infrastructure, or cause millions of dollars in damage. Detecting APTs by monitoring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Ghita Berrada , Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , James Cheney , William Maxwell , Himan Mookherjee , Alec Theriault , Ryan Wright

Cyber attacks are becoming more sophisticated and diverse, making detection increasingly challenging. To combat these attacks, security practitioners actively summarize and exchange their knowledge about attacks across organizations in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Zhenyuan Li , Jun Zeng , Yan Chen , Zhenkai Liang