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Quantum Recurrent Neural Networks (QRNNs) are robust candidates for modelling and predicting future values in multivariate time series. However, the effective implementation of some QRNN models is limited by the need for mid-circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-31 José Daniel Viqueira , Daniel Faílde , Mariamo M. Juane , Andrés Gómez , David Mera

The Bloch sphere representation is a geometric model for all possible quantum states of a two-level system that can be used to describe the time dynamics of a qubit. As explicit application, we consider the time dynamics of a particle in a…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-10-31 Jonas Bley , Vieri Mattei , Simon Goorney , Jacob Sherson , Stefan Heusler

Simulating noisy quantum circuits is vital in designing and verifying quantum algorithms in the current NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) era, where quantum noise is unavoidable. However, it is much more inefficient than the classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Mingyu Huang , Ji Guan , Wang Fang , Mingsheng Ying

Circuit optimization is a fundamental task for practical applications of near-term quantum computers. In this work we address this challenge through the powerful lenses of tensor network theory. Our approach involves the full…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-29 Matan Ben-Dov , Itai Arad , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

We provide numerical evidence that the quantum Fourier transform can be efficiently represented in a matrix product operator with a size growing relatively slowly with the number of qubits. Additionally, we numerically show that the tensors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-05 Kieran J. Woolfe , Charles D. Hill , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

The frontier of quantum computing (QC) simulation on classical hardware is quickly reaching the hard scalability limits for computational feasibility. Nonetheless, there is still a need to simulate large quantum systems classically, as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Marzio Vallero , Flavio Vella , Paolo Rech

A classical computer simulating Schrodinger dynamics of a quantum system requires resources which scale exponentially with the size of the system, and is regarded as inefficient for such purposes. However, a quantum computer made up of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-16 Ravi Shankar , Swathi S. Hegde , T. S. Mahesh

Quantum noise is a central challenge in quantum computing across many applications. Extensive work has examined how qubits couple to their environment, leading to decoherence and relaxation, which is irreversible. Current studies focus on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Yunos El Kaderi , Andreas Honecker , Iryna Andriyanova

Efficient quantum circuit optimization schemes are central to quantum simulation of strongly interacting quantum many body systems. Here, we present an optimization algorithm which combines machine learning techniques and tensor network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-23 David Rogerson , Ananda Roy

We study an analogous Bloch sphere representation of higher-level quantum systems using the Heisenberg-Weyl operator basis. We introduce a parametrization method that will allow us to identify a real-valued Bloch vector for an arbitrary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-11 Gautam Sharma , Sibasish Ghosh , Sk Sazim

We provide new examples of pure entangled systems related to cluster state quantum computation that can be efficiently simulated classically. In cluster state quantum computation input qubits are initialised in the `equator' of the Bloch…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-07 Sahar Atallah , Michael Garn , Sania Jevtic , Yukuan Tao , Shashank Virmani

We consider the natural generalization of the Schr\"{o}dinger equation to Markovian open system dynamics: the so-called the Lindblad equation. We give a quantum algorithm for simulating the evolution of an $n$-qubit system for time $t$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-07 Richard Cleve , Chunhao Wang

We present an approach to simulating quantum computation based on a classical model that directly imitates discrete quantum systems. Qubits are represented as harmonic functions in a 2D vector space. Multiplication of qubit representations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-06-30 Steven Peil

Tensor network theory and quantum simulation are respectively the key classical and quantum computing methods in understanding quantum many-body physics. Here, we introduce the framework of hybrid tensor networks with building blocks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-02 Xiao Yuan , Jinzhao Sun , Junyu Liu , Qi Zhao , You Zhou

Efficient simulation of quantum circuits has become indispensable with the rapid development of quantum hardware. The primary simulation methods are based on state vectors and tensor networks. As the number of qubits and quantum gates grows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Feng Pan , Hanfeng Gu , Lvlin Kuang , Bing Liu , Pan Zhang

The ability to efficiently simulate random quantum circuits using a classical computer is increasingly important for developing Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices. Here we present a tensor network states based algorithm specifically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Chu Guo , Youwei Zhao , He-Liang Huang

Representations of quantum computations are almost always based on a tensor product $\otimes$-structure. This coincides with what we are able to execute in our experiments, as well as what we observe in Nature, but it makes certain familiar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-05 Luca Mondada

As physical systems, qubits must evolve from input to output state. We describe a simple scheme in which the effect of a quantum gate is described by the action of an effective Hamiltonian acting for some characteristic time. This model…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 M. P. Vaughan

We represent a two-qubit density matrix in the basis of Pauli matrix tensor products, with the coefficients constituting a Bloch matrix, analogous to the single qubit Bloch vector. We find the quantum state positivity requirements on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-27 Omar Gamel