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Bounding box regression (BBR) is fundamental to object detection, where the regression loss is crucial for accurate localization. Existing IoU-based losses often incorporate handcrafted geometric penalties to address IoU's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Haoyuan Liu , Hiroshi Watanabe

General-purpose object-detection algorithms often dismiss the fine structure of detected objects. This can be traced back to how their proposed regions are evaluated. Our goal is to renegotiate the trade-off between the generality of these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Azim Ahmadzadeh , Dustin J. Kempton , Yang Chen , Rafal A. Angryk

With the rapid development of detectors, Bounding Box Regression (BBR) loss function has constantly updated and optimized. However, the existing IoU-based BBR still focus on accelerating convergence by adding new loss terms, ignoring the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Hao Zhang , Cong Xu , Shuaijie Zhang

During training, supervised object detection tries to correctly match the predicted bounding boxes and associated classification scores to the ground truth. This is essential to determine which predictions are to be pushed towards which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Henri De Plaen , Pierre-François De Plaen , Johan A. K. Suykens , Marc Proesmans , Tinne Tuytelaars , Luc Van Gool

While formal robustness verification has seen significant success in image classification, scaling these guarantees to object detection remains notoriously difficult due to complex non-linear coordinate transformations and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Benedikt Brückner , Alejandro J. Mercado , Yanghao Zhang , Panagiotis Kouvaros , Alessio Lomuscio

We present Boundary IoU (Intersection-over-Union), a new segmentation evaluation measure focused on boundary quality. We perform an extensive analysis across different error types and object sizes and show that Boundary IoU is significantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Bowen Cheng , Ross Girshick , Piotr Dollár , Alexander C. Berg , Alexander Kirillov

Modern oriented object detectors typically predict a set of bounding boxes and select the top-ranked ones based on estimated localization quality. Achieving high detection performance requires that the estimated quality closely aligns with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yunhui Zhu , Buliao Huang

Multi-ship tracking (MST) as a core technology has been proven to be applied to situational awareness at sea and the development of a navigational system for autonomous ships. Despite impressive tracking outcomes achieved by multi-object…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Hongyu Zhao , Gongming Wei , Yang Xiao , Xianglei Xing

The localization quality of automatic object detectors is typically evaluated by the Intersection over Union (IoU) score. In this work, we show that humans have a different view on localization quality. To evaluate this, we conduct a survey…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Ombretta Strafforello , Vanathi Rajasekart , Osman S. Kayhan , Oana Inel , Jan van Gemert

Object detection, instance segmentation, and pose estimation are popular visual recognition tasks which require localizing the object by internal or boundary landmarks. This paper summarizes these tasks as location-sensitive visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Kaiwen Duan , Lingxi Xie , Honggang Qi , Song Bai , Qingming Huang , Qi Tian

Object detection using an oriented bounding box (OBB) can better target rotated objects by reducing the overlap with background areas. Existing OBB approaches are mostly built on horizontal bounding box detectors by introducing an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Zhiming Chen , Kean Chen , Weiyao Lin , John See , Hui Yu , Yan Ke , Cong Yang

For the training of face detection network based on R-CNN framework, anchors are assigned to be positive samples if intersection-over-unions (IoUs) with ground-truth are higher than the first threshold(such as 0.7); and to be negative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Ce Qi , Xiaoping Chen , Pingyu Wang , Fei Su

Due to the simpleness and high efficiency, single-stage object detectors have been widely applied in many computer vision applications . However, the low correlation between the classification score and localization accuracy of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Shengkai Wu , Xiaoping Li , Xinggang Wang

One-class classification (OCC) aims to learn an effective data description to enclose all normal training samples and detect anomalies based on the deviation from the data description. Current state-of-the-art OCC models learn a compact…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Yuanhong Chen , Yu Tian , Guansong Pang , Gustavo Carneiro

As one of the most fundamental and challenging problems in computer vision, object detection tries to locate object instances and find their categories in natural images. The most important step in the evaluation of object detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Qiang Zhao , Bin Chen , Hang Xu , Yike Ma , Xiaodong Li , Bailan Feng , Chenggang Yan , Feng Dai

In object detection, the intersection over union (IoU) threshold is frequently used to define positives/negatives. The threshold used to train a detector defines its \textit{quality}. While the commonly used threshold of 0.5 leads to noisy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Zhaowei Cai , Nuno Vasconcelos

Bounding box (bbox) regression is a fundamental task in computer vision. So far, the most commonly used loss functions for bbox regression are the Intersection over Union (IoU) loss and its variants. In this paper, we generalize existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Jiabo He , Sarah Erfani , Xingjun Ma , James Bailey , Ying Chi , Xian-Sheng Hua

Two-stage deep object detectors generate a set of regions-of-interest (RoI) in the first stage, then, in the second stage, identify objects among the proposed RoIs that sufficiently overlap with a ground truth (GT) box. The second stage is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Kemal Oksuz , Baris Can Cam , Emre Akbas , Sinan Kalkan

This paper presents an efficient way of detecting directed objects by predicting their center coordinates and direction angle. Since the objects are of uniform size, the proposed model works without predicting the object's width and height.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Đorđe Nedeljković

Without densely tiled anchor boxes or grid points in the image, sparse R-CNN achieves promising results through a set of object queries and proposal boxes updated in the cascaded training manner. However, due to the sparse nature and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Jing Zhao , Shengjian Wu , Li Sun , Qingli Li