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A vigorous and growing set of technical debt analysis tools have been developed in recent years -- both research tools and industrial products -- such as Structure 101, SonarQube, and DV8. Each of these tools identifies problematic files…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Jason Lefever , Yuanfang Cai , Humberto Cervantes , Rick Kazman , Hongzhou Fang

Credit card fraud detection remains a critical challenge in financial security, with machine learning models like XGBoost(eXtreme gradient boosting) emerging as powerful tools for identifying fraudulent transactions. However, the inherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Siyaxolisa Kabane

Static Analysis Tools (SATs) are central to security engineering activities, as they enable early identification of code weaknesses without requiring execution. However, their effectiveness is often limited by high false-positive rates and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra , Moritz Mock , Max Kretschmann , Barbara Russo , Mojtaba Shahin , Mansooreh Zahedi , Riccardo Scandariato

Technical debt refers to the consequences of sub-optimal decisions made during software development that prioritize short-term benefits over long-term maintainability. Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is a specific form of technical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou , Jie Tan , Jiakun Liu

This study examines credit default prediction by comparing three techniques, namely SMOTE, SMOTE-Tomek, and ADASYN, that are commonly used to address the class imbalance problem in credit default situations. Recognizing that credit default…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Obu-Amoah Ampomah , Edmund Agyemang , Kofi Acheampong , Louis Agyekum

Context: Self-admitted technical debt (SATD) occurs when developers acknowledge shortcuts in code. In scientific software (SSW), such debt poses unique risks to the validity and reproducibility of results. Objective: This study aims to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Eric L. Melin , Nasir U. Eisty , Gregory Watson , Addi Malviya-Thakur

In software engineering, technical debt, signifying the compromise between short-term expediency and long-term maintainability, is being addressed by researchers through various machine learning approaches. This study seeks to provide a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Eric L. Melin , Nasir U. Eisty

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) refers to technical compromises explicitly admitted by developers in natural language artifacts such as code comments, commit messages, and issue trackers. Among its types, Architecture Technical Debt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Edi Sutoyo , Paris Avgeriou , Andrea Capiluppi

Context: Previous studies demonstrate that Machine or Deep Learning (ML/DL) models can detect Technical Debt from source code comments called Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). Despite the importance of ML/DL in software development,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Emmanuel Iko-Ojo Simon , Chirath Hettiarachchi , Alex Potanin , Hanna Suominen , Fatemeh Fard

With the abundance of industrial datasets, imbalanced classification has become a common problem in several application domains. Oversampling is an effective method to solve imbalanced classification. One of the main challenges of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Min Qian , Yan-Fu Li

The expansion of digital payment systems has heightened both the scale and intricacy of online financial transactions, thereby increasing vulnerability to fraudulent activities. Detecting fraud effectively is complicated by the changing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ranya Batsyas , Ritesh Yaduwanshi

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD), a concept highlighting sub-optimal choices in software development documented in code comments or other project resources, poses challenges in the maintainability and evolution of software systems. Large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei , Yuan Tian , Shaowei Wang , Bowen Xu

Software analytics can be improved by surveying; i.e. rechecking and (possibly) revising the labels offered by prior analysis. Surveying is a time-consuming task and effective surveyors must carefully manage their time. Specifically, they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Fahmid M. Fahid , Zhe Yu , Tim Menzies

Upon evolving their software, organizations and individual developers have to spend a substantial effort to pay back technical debt, i.e., the fact that software is released in a shape not as good as it should be, e.g., in terms of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Antonio Mastropaolo , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Given imbalanced data, it is hard to train a good classifier using deep learning because of the poor generalization of minority classes. Traditionally, the well-known synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) for data augmentation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Wei-Chao Cheng , Tan-Ha Mai , Hsuan-Tien Lin

This paper evaluates XGboost's performance given different dataset sizes and class distributions, from perfectly balanced to highly imbalanced. XGBoost has been selected for evaluation, as it stands out in several benchmarks due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Gissel Velarde , Anindya Sudhir , Sanjay Deshmane , Anuj Deshmunkh , Khushboo Sharma , Vaibhav Joshi

Classification imbalance arises when one class is much rarer than the other. We frame this setting as transfer learning under label (prior) shift between an imbalanced source distribution induced by the observed data and a balanced target…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-16 Eric Xia , Jason M. Klusowski

In software development, technical debt (TD) refers to suboptimal implementation choices made by the developers to meet urgent deadlines and limited resources, posing challenges for future maintenance. Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Phuoc Pham , Murali Sridharan , Matteo Esposito , Valentina Lenarduzzi

Credit scoring is vital in the financial industry, assessing the risk of lending to credit card applicants. Traditional credit scoring methods face challenges with large datasets and data imbalance between creditworthy and non-creditworthy…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Kejian Tong , Zonglin Han , Yanxin Shen , Yujian Long , Yijing Wei

Financial distress prediction remains a significant challenge in enterprise risk analysis due to the highly imbalanced nature of real-world financial datasets, where bankrupt or distressed firms typically constitute only a small minority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Karan Sehgal , Khawar Naveed Bhatti