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Ethereum smart contracts are highly powerful, immutable, and able to retain massive amounts of tokens. However, smart contracts keep attracting attackers to benefit from smart contract flaws and Ethereum unexpected behavior. Thus,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Wejdene Haouari , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Marios Fokaefs

With the development of blockchain technology, more and more attention has been paid to the intersection of blockchain and education, and various educational evaluation systems and E-learning systems are developed based on blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Zhifeng Wang , Wanxuan Wu , Chunyan Zeng , Jialong Yao , Yang Yang , Hongmin Xu

In the growing field of blockchain technology, smart contracts exist as transformative digital agreements that execute transactions autonomously in decentralised networks. However, these contracts face challenges in the form of security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Christopher De Baets , Basem Suleiman , Armin Chitizadeh , Imran Razzak

Smart contract security has progressed from vulnerability detection toward a broader research agenda that includes semantic reasoning, automated repair, adversarial robustness, and real-time exploit detection. This paper develops a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tamer Abdelaziz

In recent years, Ethereum gained tremendously in popularity, growing from a daily transaction average of 10K in January 2016 to an average of 500K in January 2020. Similarly, smart contracts began to carry more value, making them appealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Christof Ferreira Torres , Antonio Ken Iannillo , Arthur Gervais , Radu State

Ethereum is a permissionless blockchain ecosystem that supports execution of smart contracts, the key enablers of decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFT). However, the expressiveness of Ethereum smart contracts is a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Nikolay Ivanov , Qiben Yan , Anurag Kompalli

Context: Smart contracts are computer programs that are automatically executed on the blockchain. Vulnerabilities in their implementation have led to severe loss of cryptocurrency. Smart contracts become immutable when deployed to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Majd Soud , Grischa Liebel , Mohammad Hamdaqa

With the evolution of blockchain technology, the issue of transaction security, particularly on platforms like Ethereum, has become increasingly critical. Front-running attacks, a unique form of security threat, pose significant challenges…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Yuheng Zhang , Pin Liu , Guojun Wang , Peiqiang Li , Wanyi Gu , Houji Chen , Xuelei Liu , Jinyao Zhu

In Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), maintaining and updating belief distributions over possible underlying states provides a principled way to summarize action-observation history for effective decision-making under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yunuo Zhang , Baiting Luo , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Gabor Karsai , Abhishek Dubey

Due to the inherent immutability of blockchain technology, smart contract updates require their deployment at new addresses rather than modifying existing ones, thus fragmenting version histories and creating critical blind spots for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Fatou Ndiaye Mbodji , Vinny Adjibi , Moustapha Awwalou Diouf , Gervais Mendy , Kui Liu , Jacques Klein , Tegawende Bissyande

Ethereum smart contracts are programs that run on the Ethereum blockchain, and many smart contract vulnerabilities have been discovered in the past decade. Many security analysis tools have been created to detect such vulnerabilities, but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Nami Ashizawa , Naoto Yanai , Jason Paul Cruz , Shingo Okamura

Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies are gaining unprecedented popularity and understanding. Meanwhile, Ethereum is gaining a significant popularity in the blockchain community, mainly due to the fact that it is designed in a way that enables…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-07-06 TonTon Hsien-De Huang

The inherent determinism of blockchain technology poses a significant challenge to generating secure random numbers within smart contracts, leading to exploitable vulnerabilities, particularly in decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystems and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hadis Rezaei , Ahmed Afif Monrat , Karl Andersson , Francesco Flammini

With the frantic development of smart contracts on the Ethereum platform, its market value has also climbed. In 2016, people were shocked by the loss of nearly $50 million in cryptocurrencies from the DAO reentrancy attack. Due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Xiaotao Feng , Qin Wang , Xiaogang Zhu , Sheng Wen

We introduce SCooLS, our Smart Contract Learning (Semi-supervised) engine. SCooLS uses neural networks to analyze Ethereum contract bytecode and identifies specific vulnerable functions. SCooLS incorporates two key elements: semi-supervised…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Tamer Abdelaziz , Aquinas Hobor

Scam contracts on Ethereum have rapidly evolved alongside the rise of DeFi and NFT ecosystems, utilizing increasingly complex code obfuscation techniques to avoid early detection. This paper systematically investigates how obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhang Sheng , Tan Kia Quang , Shen Wang , Shengchen Duan , Kai Li , Yue Duan

Smart contracts are small programs that run autonomously on the blockchain, using it as their persistent memory. The predominant platform for smart contracts is the Ethereum VM (EVM). In EVM smart contracts, a problem with significant…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sifis Lagouvardos , Yannis Bollanos , Michael Debono , Neville Grech , Yannis Smaragdakis

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in smart contracts have led to serious financial losses, which raises…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Zhipeng Gao

While Ethereum smart contracts enabled a wide range of blockchain applications, they are extremely vulnerable to different forms of security attacks. Due to the fact that transactions to smart contracts commonly involve cryptocurrency…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Jianbo Gao , Han Liu , Chao Liu , Qingshan Li , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

Smart contract is a special program that manages digital assets on blockchain. It is difficult to recover the loss if users make transactions through buggy smart contracts, which cannot be directly fixed. Hence, it is important to ensure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Haoran Wu , Xingya Wang , Jiehui Xu , Weiqin Zou , Lingming Zhang , Zhenyu Chen