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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is becoming increasingly essential for enhancing the transparency of machine learning (ML) models. Among the various XAI techniques, counterfactual explanations (CFs) hold a pivotal role due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Fatima Ezzeddine , Obaida Ammar , Silvia Giordano , Omran Ayoub

Recently, eXplainable AI (XAI) research has focused on counterfactual explanations as post-hoc justifications for AI-system decisions (e.g. a customer refused a loan might be told: If you asked for a loan with a shorter term, it would have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Saugat Aryal , Mark T Keane

The paper proposes summarized attribution-based post-hoc explanations for the detection and identification of bias in data. A global explanation is proposed, and a step-by-step framework on how to detect and test bias is introduced. Since…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Agnieszka Mikołajczyk , Michał Grochowski , Arkadiusz Kwasigroch

Black-box Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, e.g. deep neural networks, have been widely utilized to build predictive models that can extract complex relationships in a dataset and make predictions for new unseen data records. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Milad Moradi , Matthias Samwald

Artificial intelligence now outperforms humans in several scientific and engineering tasks, yet its internal representations often remain opaque. In this Perspective, we argue that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), combined with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ricardo Vinuesa , Steven L. Brunton , Gianmarco Mengaldo

In recent years, various machine and deep learning architectures have been successfully introduced to the field of predictive process analytics. Nevertheless, the inherent opacity of these algorithms poses a significant challenge for human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Alexander Stevens , Chun Ouyang , Johannes De Smedt , Catarina Moreira

The rise of AI methods to make predictions and decisions has led to a pressing need for more explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods. One common approach for XAI is to produce a post-hoc explanation, explaining why a black box ML…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Jinqiang Yu , Alexey Ignatiev , Peter J. Stuckey , Nina Narodytska , Joao Marques-Silva

Explanation is key to people having confidence in high-stakes AI systems. However, machine-learning-based systems -- which account for almost all current AI -- can't explain because they are usually black boxes. The explainable AI (XAI)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Sergei Nirenburg , Marjorie McShane , Kenneth W. Goodman , Sanjay Oruganti

Explainable recommendation systems leverage transparent reasoning to foster user trust and improve decision-making processes. Current approaches typically decouple recommendation generation from explanation creation, violating causal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Guanrong Li , Haolin Yang , Xinyu Liu , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Dai

While AI algorithms have shown remarkable success in various fields, their lack of transparency hinders their application to real-life tasks. Although explanations targeted at non-experts are necessary for user trust and human-AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

Machine learning based decision making systems are increasingly affecting humans. An individual can suffer an undesirable outcome under such decision making systems (e.g. denied credit) irrespective of whether the decision is fair or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Shalmali Joshi , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Warut Vijitbenjaronk , Been Kim , Joydeep Ghosh

Causality and eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) have developed as separate fields in computer science, even though the underlying concepts of causation and explanation share common ancient roots. This is further enforced by the lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Gianluca Carloni , Andrea Berti , Sara Colantonio

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become critical in enhancing the transparency and trustworthiness of AI systems, especially as these systems are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as healthcare and finance.…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Shengxin Hong , Xiuyi Fan

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an emerging research topic of machine learning aimed at unboxing how AI systems' black-box choices are made. This research field inspects the measures and models involved in decision-making and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Guang Yang , Qinghao Ye , Jun Xia

Predictive business process monitoring increasingly leverages sophisticated prediction models. Although sophisticated models achieve consistently higher prediction accuracy than simple models, one major drawback is their lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Tsung-Hao Huang , Andreas Metzger , Klaus Pohl

We are witnessing the emergence of an AI economy and society where AI technologies are increasingly impacting health care, business, transportation and many aspects of everyday life. Many successes have been reported where AI systems even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 D. Petkovic

In many applications, it is important to be able to explain the decisions of machine learning systems. An increasingly popular approach has been to seek to provide \emph{counterfactual instance explanations}. These specify close possible…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Adam White , Artur d'Avila Garcez

AI-driven outcomes can be challenging for end-users to understand. Explanations can address two key questions: "Why this outcome?" (factual) and "Why not another?" (counterfactual). While substantial efforts have been made to formalize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Suryani Lim , Henri Prade , Gilles Richard

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has re-emerged in response to the development of modern AI and ML systems. These systems are complex and sometimes biased, but they nevertheless make decisions that impact our lives. XAI systems are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Shane T. Mueller , Elizabeth S. Veinott , Robert R. Hoffman , Gary Klein , Lamia Alam , Tauseef Mamun , William J. Clancey

Indecipherable black boxes are common in machine learning (ML), but applications increasingly require explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The core of XAI is to establish transparent and interpretable data-driven algorithms. This work…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-13 Howard Heaton , Samy Wu Fung