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Recently, pre-trained models have been the dominant paradigm in natural language processing. They achieved remarkable state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of related tasks, such as textual entailment, natural language inference,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Dongfang Li , Yifei Yu , Qingcai Chen , Xinyu Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) like BERT have gained significant prominence due to their remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, they come with substantial computational and memory costs. Additionally,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Luis Balderas , Miguel Lastra , José M. Benítez

We present, to our knowledge, the first application of BERT to document classification. A few characteristics of the task might lead one to think that BERT is not the most appropriate model: syntactic structures matter less for content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-23 Ashutosh Adhikari , Achyudh Ram , Raphael Tang , Jimmy Lin

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) perform strongly in complex reasoning tasks via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, but often suffer from verbose outputs, increasing computational overhead. Existing fine-tuning-based compression methods either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ziqing Qiao , Yongheng Deng , Jiali Zeng , Dong Wang , Lai Wei , Guanbo Wang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Ju Ren , Yaoxue Zhang

Recent research has achieved impressive results on understanding and improving source code by building up on machine-learning techniques developed for natural languages. A significant advancement in natural-language understanding has come…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Aditya Kanade , Petros Maniatis , Gogul Balakrishnan , Kensen Shi

Dense retrieval systems have proven to be effective across various benchmarks, but require substantial memory to store large search indices. Recent advances in embedding compression show that index sizes can be greatly reduced with minimal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-16 L. Caspari , M. Dinzinger , K. Ghosh Dastidar , C. Fellicious , J. Mitrović , M. Granitzer

We propose BERMo, an architectural modification to BERT, which makes predictions based on a hierarchy of surface, syntactic and semantic language features. We use linear combination scheme proposed in Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Sangamesh Kodge , Kaushik Roy

While the numerous parameters in Large Language Models (LLMs) contribute to their superior performance, this massive scale makes them inefficient and memory-hungry. Thus, they are hard to deploy on commodity hardware, such as one single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Zhaozhuo Xu , Zirui Liu , Beidi Chen , Yuxin Tang , Jue Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Xia Hu , Anshumali Shrivastava

Large Language Models (LLMs) using Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting excel at complex reasoning but generate verbose thought processes with considerable redundancy, leading to increased inference costs and reduced efficiency. We introduce a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zeju Li , Jianyuan Zhong , Ziyang Zheng , Xiangyu Wen , Zhijian Xu , Yingying Cheng , Fan Zhang , Qiang Xu

The rise of big data analytics on top of NLP increases the computational burden for text processing at scale. The problems faced in NLP are very high dimensional text, so it takes a high computation resource. The MapReduce allows…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Kuncahyo Setyo Nugroho , Anantha Yullian Sukmadewa , Novanto Yudistira

Process Reward Models (PRMs) have demonstrated promising results in mathematical reasoning, but existing process annotation approaches, whether through human annotations or Monte Carlo simulations, remain computationally expensive. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Huimin Xu , Xin Mao , Feng-Lin Li , Xiaobao Wu , Wang Chen , Wei Zhang , Anh Tuan Luu

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has emerged as a practical paradigm for adapting large language models (LLMs) without updating all parameters. Most existing approaches, such as LoRA and PiSSA, rely on low-rank decompositions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Songtao Wei , Yi Li , Bohan Zhang , Zhichun Guo , Ying Huang , Yuede Ji , Miao Yin , Guanpeng Li , Bingzhe Li

Large language models (LLMs) can now solve complex problems through long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, but the trade-off between performance and token cost remains a central challenge. To address this issue, supervised fine-tuning (SFT)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kohsei Matsutani , Gouki Minegishi , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

The invention of transformer-based models such as BERT, GPT, and RoBERTa has enabled researchers and financial companies to finetune these powerful models and use them in different downstream tasks to achieve state-of-the-art performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Sudhandar Balakrishnan , Yihao Fang , Xioadan Zhu

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has recently achieved great success by using huge pre-trained models with hundreds of millions of parameters. However, these models suffer from heavy model sizes and high latency such that they cannot be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Zhiqing Sun , Hongkun Yu , Xiaodan Song , Renjie Liu , Yiming Yang , Denny Zhou

Model compression methods are used to reduce the computation and energy requirements for Large Language Models (LLMs). Quantization Aware Training (QAT), an effective model compression method, is proposed to reduce performance degradation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 He Li , Jianhang Hong , Yuanzhuo Wu , Snehal Adbol , Zonglin Li

Pre-trained language models like BERT have proven to be highly performant. However, they are often computationally expensive in many practical scenarios, for such heavy models can hardly be readily implemented with limited resources. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Weijie Liu , Peng Zhou , Zhe Zhao , Zhiruo Wang , Haotang Deng , Qi Ju

Transformer-based pretrained models like BERT, GPT-2 and T5 have been finetuned for a large number of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, and have been shown to be very effective. However, while finetuning, what changes across layers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Pavan Kalyan Reddy Neerudu , Subba Reddy Oota , Mounika Marreddy , Venkateswara Rao Kagita , Manish Gupta

BERT-based models are currently used for solving nearly all Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks and most often achieve state-of-the-art results. Therefore, the NLP community conducts extensive research on understanding these models, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Robert Mroczkowski , Piotr Rybak , Alina Wróblewska , Ireneusz Gawlik

Recently, large pre-trained language models, such as BERT, have reached state-of-the-art performance in many natural language processing tasks, but for many languages, including Estonian, BERT models are not yet available. However, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Claudia Kittask , Kirill Milintsevich , Kairit Sirts