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This paper shows how to generate code that efficiently converts sparse tensors between disparate storage formats (data layouts) such as CSR, DIA, ELL, and many others. We decompose sparse tensor conversion into three logical phases:…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Stephen Chou , Fredrik Kjolstad , Saman Amarasinghe

Sparse tensors are prevalent in many data-intensive applications, yet existing differentiable programming frameworks are tailored towards dense tensors. This presents a significant challenge for efficiently computing gradients through…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Amir Shaikhha , Mathieu Huot , Shideh Hashemian

Sparse linear algebra is crucial in many application domains, but challenging to handle efficiently in both software and hardware, with one- and two-sided operand sparsity handled with distinct approaches. In this work, we enhance an…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Paul Scheffler , Florian Zaruba , Fabian Schuiki , Torsten Hoefler , Luca Benini

Accelerators for sparse matrix multiplication are important components in emerging systems. In this paper, we study the main challenges of accelerating Sparse Matrix Multiplication (SpMM). For the situations that data is not stored in the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Pareesa Ameneh Golnari , Sharad Malik

Exploiting sparsity underlying neural networks has become one of the most potential methodologies to reduce the memory footprint, I/O cost, and computation workloads during inference. And the degree of sparsity one can exploit has become…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Ian En-Hsu Yen , Zhibin Xiao , Dongkuan Xu

In recent years, Dynamic Sparse Training (DST) has emerged as an alternative to post-training pruning for generating efficient models. In principle, DST allows for a more memory efficient training process, as it maintains sparsity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Nasib Ullah , Erik Schultheis , Mike Lasby , Yani Ioannou , Rohit Babbar

In recent years, many accelerators have been proposed to efficiently process sparse tensor algebra applications (e.g., sparse neural networks). However, these proposals are single points in a large and diverse design space. The lack of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Yannan Nellie Wu , Po-An Tsai , Angshuman Parashar , Vivienne Sze , Joel S. Emer

High-dimensional sparse data emerge in many critical application domains such as healthcare and cybersecurity. To extract meaningful insights from massive volumes of these multi-dimensional data, scientists employ unsupervised analysis…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Jan Laukemann , Ahmed E. Helal , S. Isaac Geronimo Anderson , Fabio Checconi , Yongseok Soh , Jesmin Jahan Tithi , Teresa Ranadive , Brian J Gravelle , Fabrizio Petrini , Jee Choi

Researchers are increasingly incorporating numeric high-order data, i.e., numeric tensors, within their practice. Just like the matrix/vector (MV) paradigm, the development of multi-purpose, but high-performance, sparse data structures and…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2018-02-09 Adam P. Harrison , Dileepan Joseph

Sparse tensors arise in problems in science, engineering, machine learning, and data analytics. Programs that operate on such tensors can exploit sparsity to reduce storage requirements and computational time. Developing and maintaining…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Aart J. C. Bik , Penporn Koanantakool , Tatiana Shpeisman , Nicolas Vasilache , Bixia Zheng , Fredrik Kjolstad

Super-symmetric tensors - a higher-order extension of scatter matrices - are becoming increasingly popular in machine learning and computer vision for modelling data statistics, co-occurrences, or even as visual descriptors. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-09-11 Piotr Koniusz , Anoop Cherian

Recent years have seen considerable work on compiling sparse tensor algebra expressions. This paper addresses a shortcoming in that work, namely how to generate efficient code (in time and space) that scatters values into a sparse result…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Genghan Zhang , Olivia Hsu , Fredrik Kjolstad

High-order tensor decomposition has been widely adopted to obtain compact deep neural networks for edge deployment. However, existing studies focus primarily on its algorithmic advantages such as accuracy and compression ratio-while…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Jinsong Zhang , Minghe Li , Jiayi Tian , Jinming Lu , Zheng Zhang

Tensor algebra is widely used in many applications, such as scientific computing, machine learning, and data analytics. The tensors represented real-world data are usually large and sparse. There are tens of storage formats designed for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Ruiqin Tian , Luanzheng Guo , Jiajia Li , Bin Ren , Gokcen Kestor

Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a rapidly developing advanced technology, enabling the performance of complex tasks involving image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous decision-making with high levels of accuracy.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Soumita Chatterjee , Sudip Ghosh , Tamal Ghosh , Hafizur Rahaman

Machine/deep-learning (ML/DL) based techniques are emerging as a driving force behind many cutting-edge technologies, achieving high accuracy on computer vision workloads such as image classification and object detection. However, training…

Industry-scale recommender systems face a core challenge: representing entities with high cardinality, such as users or items, using dense embeddings that must be accessible during both training and inference. However, as embedding sizes…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Petr Kasalický , Martin Spišák , Vojtěch Vančura , Daniel Bohuněk , Rodrigo Alves , Pavel Kordík

The ongoing trend of hardware specialization has led to a growing use of custom data formats when processing sparse workloads, which are typically memory-bound. These formats facilitate optimized software/hardware implementations by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jie Liu , Zhongyuan Zhao , Zijian Ding , Benjamin Brock , Hongbo Rong , Zhiru Zhang

The increasing computational requirements of deep neural networks (DNNs) have led to significant interest in obtaining DNN models that are sparse, yet accurate. Recent work has investigated the even harder case of sparse training, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Alexandra Peste , Eugenia Iofinova , Adrian Vladu , Dan Alistarh

This paper proposes Capstan: a scalable, parallel-patterns-based, reconfigurable dataflow accelerator (RDA) for sparse and dense tensor applications. Instead of designing for one application, we start with common sparse data formats, each…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Alexander Rucker , Matthew Vilim , Tian Zhao , Yaqi Zhang , Raghu Prabhakar , Kunle Olukotun