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The Promise Constraint Satisfaction Problem (PCSP) is a recently introduced vast generalization of the Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP). We investigate the computational complexity of a class of PCSPs beyond the most studied cases -…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Libor Barto , Diego Battistelli , Kevin M. Berg

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) solvers, which typically operate using conjunctive normal form (CNF), have been successfully applied in many domains. However, in some application areas such as circuit verification, bounded model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-11-19 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

What is the best way to match the nodes of two graphs? This graph alignment problem generalizes graph isomorphism and arises in applications from social network analysis to bioinformatics. Some solutions assume that auxiliary information on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Judith Hermanns , Anton Tsitsulin , Marina Munkhoeva , Alex Bronstein , Davide Mottin , Panagiotis Karras

Learning-based planners leveraging Graph Neural Networks can learn search guidance applicable to large search spaces, yet their potential to address symmetries remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we introduce a graph representation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Yingbin Bai , Sylvie Thiebaux , Felipe Trevizan

We introduce the problem of finding a satisfying assignment to a CNF formula that must further belong to a prescribed input subspace. Equivalent formulations of the problem include finding a point outside a union of subspaces (the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Vikraman Arvind , Venkatesan Guruswami

Graph neural networks have been widely used in Boolean satisfiability (SAT) tasks to learn structural information from SAT formulas. The goal of these studies is to solve SAT instances or to enhance SAT solvers, including tasks such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zhenchao Sun , Shuai Ma , Ping Lu , Chongyang Tao

In computational complexity theory, a decision problem is NP-complete when it is both in NP and NP-hard. Although a solution to a NP-complete can be verified quickly, there is no known algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. There exists…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Wenxia Guo , Jin Wang , Majun He , Xiaoqin Ren , Wenhong Tian , Qingxian Wang

State symmetries play an important role in planning and generalized planning. In the first case, state symmetries can be used to reduce the size of the search; in the second, to reduce the size of the training set. In the case of general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Dominik Drexler , Simon Ståhlberg , Blai Bonet , Hector Geffner

We introduce ZykovColor, a novel SAT-based algorithm to solve the graph coloring problem working on top of an encoding that mimics the Zykov tree. Our method is based on an approach of H\'ebrard and Katsirelos (2020) that employs a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Timo Brand , Daniel Faber , Stephan Held , Petra Mutzel

We show that every NP problem is polynomially equivalent to a simple combinatorial problem: the membership problem for a special class of digraphs. These classes are defined by means of shadows (projections) and by finitely many forbidden…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-06-27 Gabor Kun , Jaroslav Nesetril

It was shown before that the NP-hard problem of deterministic finite automata (DFA) identification can be effectively translated to Boolean satisfiability (SAT). Modern SAT-solvers can tackle hard DFA identification instances efficiently.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-22 Vladimir Ulyantsev , Ilya Zakirzyanov , Anatoly Shalyto

Algebraic Normal Form (ANF) and Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) are commonly used to encode problems in Boolean algebra. ANFs are typically solved via Gr"obner basis algorithms, often using more memory than is feasible; while CNFs are solved…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-12-19 Davin Choo , Mate Soos , Kian Ming A. Chai , Kuldeep S. Meel

A generalized 1-in-3SAT problem is defined and found to be in complexity class P when restricted to a certain subset of CNF expressions. In particular, 1-in-kSAT with no restrictions on the number of literals per clause can be decided in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Bernd R. Schuh

We introduce novel methods for encoding acyclicity and s-t-reachability constraints for propositional formulas with underlying directed graphs. They are based on vertex elimination graphs, which makes them suitable for cases where the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Masood Feyzbakhsh Rankooh , Jussi Rintanen

In the constraint programming framework, state-of-the-art static and dynamic decomposition techniques are hard to apply to problems with complete initial constraint graphs. For such problems, we propose a hybrid approach of these techniques…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-12-18 Stephane Zampelli , Martin Mann , Yves Deville , Rolf Backofen

This work studies the complexity of refuting the existence of a perfect matching in spectral expanders with an odd number of vertices, in the Polynomial Calculus (PC) and Sum of Squares (SoS) proof system. Austrin and Risse [SODA, 2021]…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Ari Biswas , Rajko Nenadov

Generalized symmetry integrability test for discrete equations on the square lattice is studied. Integrability conditions are discussed. A method for searching higher symmetries (including non-autonomous ones) for quad graph equations is…

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems · Physics 2015-05-27 Rustem N. Garifullin , Elena V. Gudkova , Ismagil T. Habibullin

The Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem is the problem of finding a truth assignment that maximizes the number of satisfied clauses of a given Boolean formula in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF). Many exact solvers for MaxSAT have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Mohamed El Halaby

Symmetry and dominance breaking can be crucial for solving hard combinatorial search and optimisation problems, but the correctness of these techniques sometimes relies on subtle arguments. For this reason, it is desirable to produce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Bart Bogaerts , Stephan Gocht , Ciaran McCreesh , Jakob Nordström

Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a graph class $\mathcal{F}$ if they admit the same number of homomorphisms from every graph $F \in \mathcal{F}$. Many graph isomorphism relaxations such as (quantum) isomorphism…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Marek Černý , Tim Seppelt