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We present a study of internal reflection and cross coupling systematics in Phase I of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA). In a companion paper, we outlined the mathematical formalism for such systematics and presented…

We report the first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21-cm fluctuations during the Epoch of Reionization and Cosmic Dawn from Phase II of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) experiment. HERA Phase II constitutes several…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-27 The HERA Collaboration , Zuhra Abdurashidova , Tyrone Adams , James E. Aguirre , Rushelle Baartman , Rennan Barkana , Lindsay M. Berkhout , Gianni Bernardi , Tashalee S. Billings , Bruno B. Bizarria , Judd D. Bowman , Daniela Breitman , Philip Bull , Jacob Burba , Ruby Byrne , Steven Carey , Rajorshi Sushovan Chandra , Kai-Feng Chen , Samir Choudhuri , Tyler Cox , David R. DeBoer , Eloy de Lera Acedo , Matt Dexter , Jiten Dhandha , Joshua S. Dillon , Scott Dynes , Nico Eksteen , John Ely , Aaron Ewall-Wice , Nicolas Fagnoni , Anastasia Fialkov , Steven R. Furlanetto , Kingsley Gale-Sides , Hugh Garsden , Adelie Gorce , Deepthi Gorthi , Ziyaad Halday , Bryna J. Hazelton , Jacqueline N. Hewitt , Jack Hickish , Tian Huang , Daniel C. Jacobs , Alec Josaitis , Nicholas S. Kern , Joshua Kerrigan , Piyanat Kittiwisit , Matthew Kolopanis , Adam Lanman , Paul La Plante , Adrian Liu , Yin-Zhe Ma , David H. E. MacMahon , Lourence Malan , Cresshim Malgas , Keith Malgas , Bradley Marero , Zachary E. Martinot , Lisa McBride , Andrei Mesinger , Jordan Mirocha , Nicel Mohamed-Hinds , Mathakane Molewa , Miguel F. Morales , Julian B. Muñoz , Steven G. Murray , Bojan Nikolic , Hans Nuwegeld , Aaron R. Parsons , Robert Pascua , Nipanjana Patra , Simon Pochinda , Yuxiang Qin , Eleanor Rath , Nima Razavi-Ghods , Daniel Riley , Kathryn Rosie , Mario G. Santos , Saurabh Singh , Dara Storer , Hilton Swarts , Jianrong Tan , Emilie Thélie , Pieter van Wyngaarden , Michael J. Wilensky , Peter K. G. Williams , Haoxuan Zheng

Combining the visibilities measured by an interferometer to form a cosmological power spectrum is a complicated process. In a delay-based analysis, the mapping between instrumental and cosmological space is not a one-to-one relation.…

Recent theoretical developments for observing the Epoch of Reionization (EOR) have concentrated on the power spectrum signature of redshifted 21 cm emission. These studies have demonstrated the great potential of statistical EOR…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Miguel F. Morales

We report the most sensitive upper limits to date on the 21 cm epoch of reionization power spectrum using 94 nights of observing with Phase I of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA). Using similar analysis techniques as in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-28 The HERA Collaboration , Zara Abdurashidova , Tyrone Adams , James E. Aguirre , Paul Alexander , Zaki S. Ali , Rushelle Baartman , Yanga Balfour , Rennan Barkana , Adam P. Beardsley , Gianni Bernardi , Tashalee S. Billings , Judd D. Bowman , Richard F. Bradley , Daniela Breitman , Philip Bull , Jacob Burba , Steve Carey , Chris L. Carilli , Carina Cheng , Samir Choudhuri , David R. DeBoer , Eloy de Lera Acedo , Matt Dexter , Joshua S. Dillon , John Ely , Aaron Ewall-Wice , Nicolas Fagnoni , Anastasia Fialkov , Randall Fritz , Steven R. Furlanetto , Kingsley Gale-Sides , Hugh Garsden , Brian Glendenning , Adélie Gorce , Deepthi Gorthi , Bradley Greig , Jasper Grobbelaar , Ziyaad Halday , Bryna J. Hazelton , Stefan Heimersheim , Jacqueline N. Hewitt , Jack Hickish , Daniel C. Jacobs , Austin Julius , Nicholas S. Kern , Joshua Kerrigan , Piyanat Kittiwisit , Saul A. Kohn , Matthew Kolopanis , Adam Lanman , Paul La Plante , David Lewis , Adrian Liu , Anita Loots , Yin-Zhe Ma , David H. E. MacMahon , Lourence Malan , Keith Malgas , Cresshim Malgas , Matthys Maree , Bradley Marero , Zachary E. Martinot , Lisa McBride , Andrei Mesinger , Jordan Mirocha , Mathakane Molewa , Miguel F. Morales , Tshegofalang Mosiane , Julian B. Muñoz , Steven G. Murray , Vighnesh Nagpal , Abraham R. Neben , Bojan Nikolic , Chuneeta D. Nunhokee , Hans Nuwegeld , Aaron R. Parsons , Robert Pascua , Nipanjana Patra , Samantha Pieterse , Yuxiang Qin , Nima Razavi-Ghods , James Robnett , Kathryn Rosie , Mario G. Santos , Peter Sims , Saurabh Singh , Craig Smith , Hilton Swarts , Jianrong Tan , Nithyanandan Thyagarajan , Michael J. Wilensky , Peter K. G. Williams , Pieter van Wyngaarden , Haoxuan Zheng

Power spectrum estimators are an important tool in efforts to detect the 21 cm brightness temperature fluctuations from neutral hydrogen at early times. An initial detection will likely be statistical in nature, meaning that it will not be…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-24 Jacob Burba , Philip Bull , Michael J. Wilensky , Fraser Kennedy , Hugh Garsden , Katrine A. Glasscock

We explore error distributions in Epoch of Reionization 21-cm power spectrum estimators using a combination of mathematical analysis and numerical simulations. We provide closed form solutions for the error distributions of individual bins…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-20 Michael J. Wilensky , Jordan Brown , Bryna J. Hazelton

Observation of multifrequency angular power spectrum of the redshifted 21-cm brightness temperature fluctuation from the neutral hydrogen holds the key to understand the structure formation and its evolution during the reionization and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-28 Saikat Gayen , Jais Kumar , Prasun Dutta , Khandakar Md Asif Elahi , Samir Choudhuri , Nirupam Roy

Upcoming experiments such as Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and Square Kilometre Array (SKA) are intended to measure the 21cm signal over a wide range of redshifts, representing an incredible opportunity in advancing our…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-05-06 Héctor J. Hortúa , Riccardo Volpi , Luigi Malagò

The redshifted 21-cm signal is a unique probe of the early universe, particularly the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). While the 21-cm power spectrum has been the primary statistic for parameter inference, it fails to capture the non-Gaussian…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-03 Anoop Krishna , Deepthi Moorkanat , Hiten , Rajesh Mondal

Cross-correlating 21cm and Ly$\alpha$ intensity maps of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) promises to be a powerful tool for exploring the properties of the first galaxies. Next-generation intensity mapping experiments such as the Hydrogen…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-02 Tyler A. Cox , Daniel C. Jacobs , Steven G. Murray

A detection of the 21 cm signal can provide a unique window of opportunity for uncovering complex astrophysical phenomena at the epoch of reionization and placing constraints on cosmology at high redshifts, which are usually elusive to…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-21 Danial Baradaran , Boryana Hadzhiyska , Martin J. White , Noah Sailer

We present the first limits on the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) 21-cm HI power spectra, in the redshift range $z=7.9-10.6$, using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) High-Band Antenna (HBA). In total 13\,h of data were used from observations…

21cm tomography promises to be a powerful tool for estimating cosmological parameters, constraining the epoch of reionization, and probing the so-called dark ages. However, realizing this promise will require the extraction of a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-06-02 Adrian Liu , Max Tegmark

We present an analysis of Epoch of Reionization data from Phase II of the Murchison Widefield Array using the \texttt{simpleDS} delay spectrum pipeline. Prior work analyzed the same observations using the FHD/$\varepsilon$ppsilon imaging…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-05 Matthew Kolopanis , Jonathan Pober , Daniel C. Jacobs , Samantha McGraw

Recently, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) collaboration has produced the experiment's first upper limits on the power spectrum of 21-cm fluctuations at z~8 and 10. Here, we use several independent theoretical models to infer…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-21 The HERA Collaboration , Zara Abdurashidova , James E. Aguirre , Paul Alexander , Zaki Ali , Yanga Balfour , Rennan Barkana , Adam Beardsley , Gianni Bernardi , Tashalee Billings , Judd Bowman , Richard Bradley , Phillip Bull , Jacob Burba , Steven Carey , Christopher Carilli , Carina Cheng , David DeBoer , Matthew Dexter , Eloy de Lera Acedo , Joshua Dillon , John Ely , Aaron Ewall-Wice , Nicolas Fagnoni , Anastasia Fialkov , Randall Fritz , Steven Furlanetto , Kingsley Gale-Sides , Brian Glendenning , Deepthi Gorthi , Bradley Greig , Jasper Grobbelaar , Ziyaad Halday , Bryna Hazelton , Stefan Heimersheim , Jacqueline Hewitt , Jack Hickish , Daniel Jacobs , Austin Julius , Nicholas Kern , Joshua Kerrigan , Piyanat Kittiwisit , Saul Kohn , Matthew Kolopanis , Adam Lanman , Paul La Plante , Telalo Lekalake , David Lewis , Adrian Liu , Yin-Zhe Ma , David MacMahon , Lourence Malan , Cresshim Malgas , Matthys Maree , Zachary Martinot , Eunice Matsetela , Andrei Mesinger , Jordan Mirocha , Mathakane Molewa , Miguel Morales , Tshegofalang Mosiane , Julian Munoz , Steven Murray , Abraham Neben , Bojan Nikolic , Chuneeta Devi Nunhokee , Aaron Parsons , Nipanjana Patra , Samantha Pieterse , Jonathan Pober , Yuxiang Qin , N. Razavi-Ghods , Itamar Reis , Jon Ringuette , James Robnett , Kathryn Rosie , Mario Santos , Sudipta Sikder , Peter Sims , Craig Smith , Angelo Syce , Nithyanandan Thyagarajan , Peter Williams , Haoxuan Zheng

The redshifted cosmological 21 cm signal emitted by neutral hydrogen during the first billion years of the universe is much fainter relative to other galactic and extragalactic radio emissions, posing a great challenge towards detection of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-26 J. Kariuki Chege , C. H. Jordan , C. Lynch , C. M. Trott , J. L. B. Line , B. Pindor , S. Yoshiura

A number of radio interferometers are currently being planned or constructed to observe 21 cm emission from reionization. Not only will such measurements provide a detailed view of that epoch, but, since the 21 cm emission also traces the…

Detecting a signal from the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) requires an exquisite understanding of galactic and extra-galactic foregrounds, low frequency radio instruments, instrumental calibration, and data analysis pipelines. In this work we…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-02-27 Ronniy C. Joseph , C. M. Trott , R. B. Wayth , A. Nasirudin

Radio interferometric experiments aim to constrain the reionization model parameters by measuring the 21-cm signal statistics, primarily the power spectrum. However the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) 21-cm signal is highly non-Gaussian, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-05-04 Himanshu Tiwari , Abinash Kumar Shaw , Suman Majumdar , Mohd Kamran , Madhurima Choudhury