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The hydrodynamic regime of electron transport has been recently realized in conductors with ultra-low densities of defects. Although relaxation processes in two-dimensional (2D) fluids have been studied in many theoretical works, the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 P. S. Alekseev , A. P. Dmitriev

Electron hydrodynamics is an emerging framework that describes dynamics of interacting electron systems as conventional fluids. While evidence for hydrodynamic-like transport is reported in a variety of two-dimensional materials, precise…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-03-25 Yihang Zeng , Haoyu Guo , Olivia M. Ghosh , Kenji Watanabe , Takashi Taniguchi , Leonid S. Levitov , Cory R. Dean

The hydrodynamic behavior of electron fluids in a certain range of temperatures and densities is well established in graphene and in 2D semiconductor heterostructures. The hydrodynamic regime is intrinsically based on electron-electron…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Jack N. Engdahl , Aydin Cem Keser , Oleg P. Sushkov

Modern two dimensional conductors with low defect densities and strong electron-electron scattering are favorable platforms for formation of a viscous fluid of conduction electrons. Electric properties of these systems are determined by the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 A. N. Afanasiev , P. S. Alekseev

In ultra-clean 2d materials electron viscosity is as important as Ohmic dissipation and electron transport exhibits hydrodynamic features. Using a simple framework of Brinkman equations we find that hydrodynamic electron flows exhibit a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Jarosław Pawłowski , Piotr Surówka , Konstantin Zarembo

Theoretical and experimental studies have revealed that electrons in condensed matter can behave hydrodynamically, exhibiting fluid phenomena such as Stokes flow and vortices. Unlike classical fluids, preferred directions inside crystals…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-02-24 Georgios Varnavides , Adam S. Jermyn , Polina Anikeeva , Claudia Felser , Prineha Narang

Recent experiments have observed hints of hydrodynamic electron flow in a number of materials, not all of which have an isotropic Fermi surface. We revisit these experiments in $\mathrm{PdCoO}_2$, a quasi-two-dimensional material whose…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-07-03 Caleb Q. Cook , Andrew Lucas

Electron transport is conventionally determined by the momentum-relaxing scattering of electrons by the host solid and its excitations. The electrical resistance is set by geometrical factors and the resistivity, which is a microscopic…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2016-04-27 Philip J. W. Moll , Pallavi Kushwaha , Nabhanila Nandi , Burkhard Schmidt , Andrew P. Mackenzie

For over a hundred years, electron transport in conductive materials has been primarily described by the Drude model, which assumes that current flow is impeded primarily by momentum-relaxing collisions between electrons and extrinsic…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-10-06 Aaron Hui , Brian Skinner

The concept of fluidic viscosity is ubiquitous in our everyday life and for it to arise the fluidic medium must necessarily form a continuum where macroscopic properties can emerge. While a powerful concept for tangible liquids,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Sujatha Vijayakrishnan , Z. Berkson-Korenberg , J. Mainville , L. W. Engel , M. P. Lilly , K. W. West , L. N. Pfeiffer , G. Gervais

We study Coulomb drag between an active layer with a clean electron liquid and a passive layer with a pinned electron lattice in the regime of fast intralayer equilibration. Such a two-fluid system offers an experimentally realizable way to…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-12-17 Tobias Holder

In interaction-dominated two-dimensional electron gases at intermediate temperatures, electron transport is not diffusive as in the conventional Drude picture but instead hydrodynamic. The relevant transport coefficient in this regime is…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-12-18 Ulf Gran , Eric Nilsson , Johannes Hofmann

Viscous electron fluids have emerged recently as a new paradigm of strongly-correlated electron transport in solids. Here we report on a direct observation of the transition to this long-sought-for state of matter in a high-mobility…

Hydrodynamic electron transport in solids, governed by momentum-conserving electron-electron collisions, offers a unique framework to explore collective phenomena. Within this framework, correlated electron motion is modeled as viscous…

We consider a hydrodynamic description of transport for generic two dimensional electron systems that lack Galilean invariance and do not fall into the category of Fermi liquids. We study magnetoresistance and show that it is governed only…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-11-13 Aavishkar A. Patel , Richard A. Davison , Alex Levchenko

We develop a theory of Coulomb drag in ultraclean double layers with strongly correlated carriers. In the regime where the equilibration length of the electron liquid is shorter than the interlayer spacing the main contribution to the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-06-18 S. S. Apostolov , A. Levchenko , A. V. Andreev

When electrons flow as a viscous fluid in anisotropic metals, the reduced symmetry can lead to exotic viscosity tensors with many additional, nonstandard components. We present a viscometry technique that can, in principle, measure the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2021-10-26 Caleb Q. Cook , Andrew Lucas

In metallic samples of small enough size and sufficiently strong momentum-conserving scattering, the viscosity of the electron gas can become the dominant process governing transport. In this regime, momentum is a long-lived quantity whose…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-06-07 Thomas Scaffidi , Nabhanila Nandi , Burkhard Schmidt , Andrew P. Mackenzie , Joel E. Moore

Viscous flow of interacting electrons in two dimensional materials features a bunch of exotic effects. A model resembling the Navier-Stokes equation for classical fluids accounts for them in the so called hydrodynamic regime. We performed a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-07-01 Jorge Estrada-Álvarez , Francisco Domínguez-Adame , Elena Díaz

Considering theoretically the transition between hydrodynamic and ballistic regimes in 2D semiconductors, we show that electrons in high-mobility 2D GaAs are by far the best system for the direct observation of collective hydrodynamic…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-10-11 Seongjin Ahn , Sankar Das Sarma
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