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The recently proposed Forgetting Transformer (FoX) incorporates a forget gate into softmax attention and has shown consistently better or on-par performance compared to the standard RoPE-based Transformer. Notably, many attention heads in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Zhixuan Lin , Johan Obando-Ceron , Xu Owen He , Aaron Courville

Softmax attention is a central component of transformer architectures, yet its nonlinear structure poses significant challenges for theoretical analysis. We develop a unified, measure-based framework for studying single-layer softmax…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Etienne Boursier , Claire Boyer

8-bit integer inference, as a promising direction in reducing both the latency and storage of deep neural networks, has made great progress recently. On the other hand, previous systems still rely on 32-bit floating point for certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Ye Lin , Yanyang Li , Tengbo Liu , Tong Xiao , Tongran Liu , Jingbo Zhu

Recently, attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) models have shown state-of-the-art performance in automatic speech recognition (ASR). As the original AED models with global attentions are not capable of online inference, various online…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-15 Hyeonseung Lee , Woo Hyun Kang , Sung Jun Cheon , Hyeongju Kim , Nam Soo Kim

We investigate the capability of a transformer pretrained on natural language to generalize to other modalities with minimal finetuning -- in particular, without finetuning of the self-attention and feedforward layers of the residual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Kevin Lu , Aditya Grover , Pieter Abbeel , Igor Mordatch

Transformers are widely used for solving tasks in natural language processing, computer vision, speech, and music domains. In this paper, we talk about the efficiency of transformers in terms of memory (the number of parameters),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Badri N. Patro , Vijay Srinivas Agneeswaran

The Transformer-based model have made significant strides in semantic matching tasks by capturing connections between phrase pairs. However, to assess the relevance of sentence pairs, it is insufficient to just examine the general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Bo Li , Di Liang , Zixin Zhang

Dependency parsing is the task of inferring natural language structure, often approached by modeling word interactions via attention through biaffine scoring. This mechanism works like self-attention in Transformers, where scores are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Paolo Gajo , Domenic Rosati , Hassan Sajjad , Alberto Barrón-Cedeño

Recently, fully-connected and convolutional neural networks have been trained to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a wide variety of tasks such as speech recognition, image classification, natural language processing, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Yichuan Tang

This paper investigates the learning theory of Transformer networks for regression tasks on the compact Euclidean domain $[0,1]^d$ and $d$-dimensional compact Riemannian manifolds. We propose a novel constructive approximation framework for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-12 Zhongjie Shi , Wenjing Liao

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is the go-to compression technique for large generative models, such as stable diffusion or large language models. PTQ methods commonly keep the softmax activation in higher precision as it has been shown to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Nilesh Prasad Pandey , Marios Fournarakis , Chirag Patel , Markus Nagel

Transformer-based generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) models achieve remarkable results in a wide range of fields, including natural language processing, computer vision, and audio processing. However, this comes at the cost of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Andrea Belano , Yvan Tortorella , Angelo Garofalo , Luca Benini , Davide Rossi , Francesco Conti

Learning multiscale Transformer models has been evidenced as a viable approach to augmenting machine translation systems. Prior research has primarily focused on treating subwords as basic units in developing such systems. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Bei Li , Yi Jing , Xu Tan , Zhen Xing , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Transformers are central to advances in artificial intelligence (AI), excelling in fields ranging from computer vision to natural language processing. Despite their success, their large parameter count and computational demands challenge…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Qunyou Liu , Marina Zapater , David Atienza

Transformer models have demonstrated remarkable success in many domains such as natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision. With the growing interest in transformer-based architectures, they are now utilized for gesture…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Mallika Garg , Debashis Ghosh , Pyari Mohan Pradhan

Recent neural network and language models rely on softmax distributions with an extremely large number of categories. Since calculating the softmax normalizing constant in this context is prohibitively expensive, there is a growing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-26 Francois Fagan , Garud Iyengar

Transformers are increasingly adopted for modeling and forecasting time-series, yet their internal mechanisms remain poorly understood from a dynamical systems perspective. In contrast to classical autoregressive and state-space models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Gregory Duthé , Nikolaos Evangelou , Wei Liu , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Eleni Chatzi

Hardware specialization is becoming a key enabler of energyefficient performance. Future systems will be increasingly heterogeneous, integrating multiple specialized and programmable accelerators, each with different memory demands.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Johnathan Alsop , Weon Taek Na , Matthew D. Sinclair , Samuel Grayson , Sarita V. Adve

In this paper, we propose a new method for calculating the output layer in neural machine translation systems. The method is based on predicting a binary code for each word and can reduce computation time/memory requirements of the output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Yusuke Oda , Philip Arthur , Graham Neubig , Koichiro Yoshino , Satoshi Nakamura

Post-training is essential for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to real-world applications. Deploying post-trained models faces significant challenges due to substantial memory overhead and noticeable inference latency. Existing work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yizhe Xiong , Wei Huang , Xin Ye , Hui Chen , Zijia Lin , Haoran Lian , Zhenpeng Su , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding
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