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The deep learning (DL) technology has been widely used for image classification in many scenarios, e.g., face recognition and suspect tracking. Such a highly commercialized application has given rise to intellectual property protection of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Guowen Xu , Xingshuo Han , Anguo Zhang , Tianwei Zhang

With the rapid development of information technology and multimedia, the use of digital data is increasing day by day. So it becomes very essential to protect multimedia information from piracy and also it is challenging. A great deal of…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2013-07-15 Md. Maklachur Rahman

To ensure the responsible distribution and use of open-source deep neural networks (DNNs), DNN watermarking has become a crucial technique to trace and verify unauthorized model replication or misuse. In practice, black-box watermarks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Huming Qiu , Mi Zhang , Junjie Sun , Peiyi Chen , Xiaohan Zhang , Min Yang

How can we protect the intellectual property of trained NLP models? Modern NLP models are prone to stealing by querying and distilling from their publicly exposed APIs. However, existing protection methods such as watermarking only work for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Xuandong Zhao , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang

Combining computational technologies and humanities is an ongoing effort aimed at making resources such as texts, images, audio, video, and other artifacts digitally available, searchable, and analyzable. In recent years, deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Omri Suissa , Avshalom Elmalech , Maayan Zhitomirsky-Geffet

Deep learning (DL), a new-generation of artificial neural network research, has transformed industries, daily lives and various scientific disciplines in recent years. DL represents significant progress in the ability of neural networks to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-05 Chaopeng Shen

Ever since Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) emerges as a viable business that utilizes deep learning models to generate lucrative revenue, Intellectual Property Right (IPR) has become a major concern because these deep learning models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Ding Sheng Ong , Chee Seng Chan , Kam Woh Ng , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

To protect the intellectual property of well-trained deep neural networks (DNNs), black-box watermarks, which are embedded into the prediction behavior of DNN models on a set of specially-crafted samples and extracted from suspect models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yifan Lu , Wenxuan Li , Mi Zhang , Xudong Pan , Min Yang

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models. A challenge in the domain lies in preserving the distribution of original…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Yihan Wu , Zhengmian Hu , Junfeng Guo , Hongyang Zhang , Heng Huang

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are becoming an important tool in modern computing applications. Accelerating their training is a major challenge and techniques range from distributed algorithms to low-level circuit design. In this survey, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Tal Ben-Nun , Torsten Hoefler

As large language models (LLMs) grow more powerful, concerns over copyright infringement of LLM-generated texts have intensified. LLM watermarking has been proposed to trace unauthorized redistribution or resale of generated content by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Qihao Lin , Chen Tang , Lan zhang , Junyang zhang , Xiangyang Li

To support various applications, a prevalent and efficient approach for business owners is leveraging their valuable datasets to fine-tune a pre-trained LLM through the API provided by LLM owners or cloud servers. However, this process…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Shen Li , Liuyi Yao , Jinyang Gao , Lan Zhang , Yaliang Li

We propose a watermarking method for protecting the Intellectual Property (IP) of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The aim is to watermark the GAN model so that any image generated by the GAN contains an invisible watermark…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Jianwei Fei , Zhihua Xia , Benedetta Tondi , Mauro Barni

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, demonstrating impressive capabilities across diverse tasks. However, deploying these models introduces critical risks related to intellectual property violations and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Abdallah Khreishah , My T. Thai

Data has been regarded as a valuable asset with the fast development of artificial intelligence technologies. In this paper, we introduce deep-learning neural network-based frequency-domain watermarking for protecting energy system time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Zhenghao Zhou , Yiyan Li , Xinjie Yu , Jian Ping , Xiaoyuan Xu , Zheng Yan , Mohammad Shahidehpour

This paper serves as a survey of recent advances in large margin training and its theoretical foundations, mostly for (nonlinear) deep neural networks (DNNs) that are probably the most prominent machine learning models for large-scale data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Yiwen Guo , Changshui Zhang

AI-generated images have become so good in recent years that individuals often cannot distinguish them any more from "real" images. This development, combined with the rapid spread of AI-generated content online, creates a series of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Bram Rijsbosch , Gijs van Dijck , Konrad Kollnig

With the growing applications of Deep Learning (DL), especially recent spectacular achievements of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and LLaMA, the commercial significance of these remarkable models has soared. However, acquiring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Yongqi Jiang , Yansong Gao , Chunyi Zhou , Hongsheng Hu , Anmin Fu , Willy Susilo

High-fidelity text-to-image diffusion models have revolutionized visual content generation, but their widespread use raises significant ethical concerns, including intellectual property protection and the misuse of synthetic media. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yunzhuo Chen , Naveed Akhtar , Nur Al Hasan Haldar , Ajmal Mian

Content fingerprinting and digital watermarking are techniques that are used for content protection and distribution monitoring. Over the past few years, both techniques have been well studied and their shortcomings understood. Recently, a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-11-19 Farzad Farhadzadeh , Frans M. J. Willems , Sviatoslav Voloshinovskiy