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We propose a framework based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to determine an optimal control strategy for a discrete-time system that is required to satisfy specifications given as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulae. RNNs can store…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-25 Wenliang Liu , Noushin Mehdipour , Calin Belta

In this paper, we present a novel method to drive a nonlinear system to a desired state, with limited a priori knowledge of its dynamic model: local dynamics at a single point and the bounds on the rate of change of these dynamics. This…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-08 Yiming Meng , Taha Shafa , Jesse Wei , Melkior Ornik

We present a framework to interpret signal temporal logic (STL) formulas over discrete-time stochastic processes in terms of the induced risk. Each realization of a stochastic process either satisfies or violates an STL formula. In fact, we…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-08 Lars Lindemann , Nikolai Matni , George J. Pappas

The wide availability of data coupled with the computational advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning promise to enable many future technologies such as autonomous driving. While there has been a variety of successful…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-11 Lars Lindemann , Lejun Jiang , Nikolai Matni , George J. Pappas

The control synthesis of a dynamic system subject to a signal temporal logic (STL) specification is commonly formulated as a mixed-integer linear/convex programming (MILP/MICP) problem. Solving such a problem is computationally expensive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-18 Zengjie Zhang , Sofie Haesaert

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a widely adopted specification language in cyber-physical systems for expressing critical temporal requirements, such as safety conditions and response time. However, STL's expressivity is not sufficient to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hongkai Chen , Zeyu Zhang , Shouvik Roy , Ezio Bartocci , Scott A. Smolka , Scott D. Stoller , Shan Lin

Quantitative extensions of temporal logics have recently attracted significant attention. In this work, we study frequency LTL (fLTL), an extension of LTL which allows to speak about frequencies of events along an execution. Such an…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-09-15 Vojtěch Forejt , Jan Krčál , Jan Křetínský

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful specification language for describing complex temporal behaviors of continuous signals, making it well-suited for high-level robotic task descriptions. However, generating executable plans for STL…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Ruijia Liu , Ancheng Hou , Xiao Yu , Xiang Yin

This paper presents a framework for automatic synthesis of a control sequence for multi-agent systems governed by continuous linear dynamics under timed constraints. First, the motion of the agents in the workspace is abstracted into…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Sofie Andersson , Alexandros Nikou , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

We propose a counterexample-guided inductive synthesis framework for the formal synthesis of closed-form sampled-data controllers for nonlinear systems to meet STL specifications over finite-time trajectories. Rather than stating the STL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-23 Cees F. Verdier , Niklas Kochdumper , Matthias Althoff , Manuel Mazo

We introduce a new approach for the synthesis of Mealy machines from specifications in linear-time temporal logic (LTL), where the number of cycles in the state graph of the implementation is limited by a given bound. Bounding the number of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-05-06 Bernd Finkbeiner , Felix Klein

We propose an interval extension of Signal Temporal Logic (STL) called Interval Signal Temporal Logic (\ISTL). Given an STL formula, we consider an interval inclusion function for each of its predicates. Then, we use minimal inclusion…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-13 Luke Baird , Akash Harapanahalli , Samuel Coogan

Reactive synthesis is a key technique for the design of correct-by-construction systems and has been thoroughly investigated in the last decades. It consists in the synthesis of a controller that reacts to environment's inputs satisfying a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Alessandro Cimatti , Luca Geatti , Nicola Gigante , Angelo Montanari , Stefano Tonetta

Most control synthesis methods under temporal logic properties require a model of the system, however, identifying such a model can be a challenging task. In this work, we develop a direct data-driven control synthesis method for temporal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-05 Birgit C. van Huijgevoort , Chris Verhoek , Roland Tóth , Sofie Haesaert

We consider the synthesis of distributed implementations for specifications in parameterized temporal logics such as PROMPT-LTL, which extends LTL by temporal operators equipped with parameters that bound their scope. For single process…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-02-28 Swen Jacobs , Leander Tentrup , Martin Zimmermann

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has the potential to be used for synthesizing feedback controllers (agents) for various complex systems with unknown dynamics. These systems are expected to satisfy diverse safety and liveness properties…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Nikhil Kumar Singh , Indranil Saha

Autonomous systems are often applied in uncertain environments, which require prospective action planning and retrospective data evaluation for future planning to ensure safe operation. Formal approaches may support these systems with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-26 Sascha Lehmann , Antje Rogalla , Maximilian Neidhardt , Alexander Schlaefer , Sibylle Schupp

In runtime verification, manually formalizing a specification for monitoring system executions is a tedious and error-prone process. To address this issue, we consider the problem of automatically synthesizing formal specifications from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , Nathanael Fijalkow , Daniel Neider , Guillermo A. Perez

In this paper we present a grammar and control synthesis framework for online modification of Event-based Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications, during execution. These modifications allow a user to change the robots' task in response…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-03 David Gundana , Hadas Kress-Gazit

This paper investigates the control synthesis for continuous-time uncertain systems under nested Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications containing nested temporal operators. Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) are utilized herein to encode…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Yuzhang Peng , Jiaqi Yan , Wei Wang
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