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Quantum computing has the potential to provide exponential performance benefits in processing over classical computing. It utilizes quantum mechanics phenomena (such as superposition, entanglement, and interference) to solve a computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-08 Himanshu Sahu , Hari Prabhat Gupta

A quantum error-correcting code is defined to be a unitary mapping (encoding) of k qubits (2-state quantum systems) into a subspace of the quantum state space of n qubits such that if any t of the qubits undergo arbitrary decoherence, not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-28 A. R. Calderbank , Peter W. Shor

Concatenating quantum error correction codes scales error correction capability by driving logical error rates down double-exponentially across levels. However, the noise structure shifts under concatenation, making it hard to choose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Nico Meyer , Christopher Mutschler , Dominik Seuß , Andreas Maier , Daniel D. Scherer

Researchers have developed numerous debugging approaches to help programmers in the debugging process, but these approaches are rarely used in practice. In this paper, we investigate how programmers debug their code and what researchers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Thomas Hirsch , Birgit Hofer

The goal of the presented paper is to provide an introduction to the basic computational models used in quantum information theory. We review various models of quantum Turing machine, quantum circuits and quantum random access machine…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-12-06 J. A. Miszczak

Building high-fidelity quantum computers requires efficient methods for the characterization of gate errors that provide actionable information that may be fed back into engineering efforts. Extraction of realistic error models is also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Jeffrey M. Epstein

Quantum codes are subspaces of the state space of a quantum system that are used to protect quantum information. Some common classes of quantum codes are stabilizer (or additive) codes, non-stabilizer (or non-additive) codes obtained from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-27 Hari Dilip Kumar

Quantum computers will eventually reach a size at which quantum error correction becomes imperative. Quantum information can be protected from qubit imperfections and flawed control operations by encoding a single logical qubit in multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-15 N. M. Linke , M. Gutierrez , K. A. Landsman , C. Figgatt , S. Debnath , K. R. Brown , C. Monroe

We introduce isQ, a new software stack for quantum programming in an imperative programming language, also named isQ. The aim of isQ is to make the programmers write quantum programs as conveniently as possible. In particular: 1) The isQ…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Jingzhe Guo , Huazhe Lou , Riling Li , Wang Fang , Junyi Liu , Peixun Long , Shenggang Ying , Mingsheng Ying

Fuelled by increasing computer power and algorithmic advances, machine learning techniques have become powerful tools for finding patterns in data. Since quantum systems produce counter-intuitive patterns believed not to be efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-14 Jacob Biamonte , Peter Wittek , Nicola Pancotti , Patrick Rebentrost , Nathan Wiebe , Seth Lloyd

Fault tolerant quantum computing methods which work with efficient quantum error correcting codes are discussed. Several new techniques are introduced to restrict accumulation of errors before or during the recovery. Classes of eligible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Andrew M. Steane

While recent progress in quantum hardware open the door for significant speedup in certain key areas (cryptography, biology, chemistry, optimization, machine learning, etc), quantum algorithms are still hard to implement right, and the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Christophe Chareton , Sébastien Bardin , Dongho Lee , Benoît Valiron , Renaud Vilmart , Zhaowei Xu

Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve not only problems believed to be intractable for classical computers, but also problems for which verifying the solution is also considered intractable. This raises the question of how one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-10 Alexandru Gheorghiu , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools, revolutionizing the software development landscape by automating the coding process and reducing time and effort required to build applications. This paper focuses on…

Quantum characterization, verification, and validation (QCVV) is a set of techniques to probe, describe, and assess the behavior of quantum bits (qubits), quantum information-processing registers, and quantum computers. QCVV protocols probe…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Robin Blume-Kohout , Timothy Proctor , Kevin Young

The noise in physical qubits is fundamentally asymmetric: in most devices, phase errors are much more probable than bit flips. We propose a quantum error correcting code which takes advantage of this asymmetry and shows good performance at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Lev Ioffe , Marc Mezard

Quantum computing is being increasingly adopted for solving classically intractable problems across various domains. However, the availability of accessible and scalable software frameworks remains essential for practical experimentation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Param Pathak , K Tarakeshwar , Syed Sufiyan Ali , Shalini Devendrababu , Adarsh Ganesan

The rise of quantum computing has driven the need for quantum software engineering, yet its programming landscape remains largely unexplored in empirical research. As quantum technologies advance toward industrial adoption, understanding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Arif Ali Khan , Boshuai Ye , Muhammad Azeem Akbar , Javed Ali Khan , Davoud Mougouei , Xinyuan Ma

Threshold theorems for fault-tolerant quantum computing assume that errors are of certain types. But how would one detect whether errors of the "wrong" type occur in one's experiment, especially if one does not even know what type of error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-16 Lucia Schwarz , Steven van Enk

In this paper we provide a basic introduction of the core ideas and theories surrounding fault-tolerant quantum computation. These concepts underly the theoretical framework of large-scale quantum computation and communications and are the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-18 Alexandru Paler , Simon J. Devitt