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Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are bio-inspired dynamical systems in which identical cells iteratively apply a learned local update rule to self-organize into complex patterns, exhibiting regeneration, robustness, and spontaneous dynamics.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ehsan Pajouheshgar , Yitao Xu , Ali Abbasi , Alexander Mordvintsev , Wenzel Jakob , Sabine Süsstrunk

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are a model of morphogenesis, capable of growing two-dimensional artificial organisms from a single seed cell. In this paper, we show that NCAs can be trained to respond to signals. Two types of signal are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 James Stovold

Very recently, the Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) has been proposed to simulate the morphogenesis process with deep networks. NCA learns to grow an image starting from a fixed single pixel. In this work, we show that the neural network (NN)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Alejandro Hernandez Ruiz , Armand Vilalta , Francesc Moreno-Noguer

Cellular Automata (CA) have long been foundational in simulating dynamical systems computationally. With recent innovations, this model class has been brought into the realm of deep learning by parameterizing the CA's update rule using an…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Magnus Petersen

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) have proven to be effective in a variety of fields, with numerous biologically inspired applications. One of the fields, in which NCAs perform well is the generation of textures, modelling global patterns from…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mirela-Magdalena Catrina , Ioana Cristina Plajer , Alexandra Baicoianu

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are a promising new approach to model self-organizing processes, with potential applications in life science. However, their deterministic nature limits their ability to capture the stochasticity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Salvatore Milite , Giulio Caravagna , Andrea Sottoriva

Inspired by cellular growth and self-organization, Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) have been capable of "growing" artificial cells into images, 3D structures, and even functional machines. NCAs are flexible and robust computational systems…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Shyam Sudhakaran , Elias Najarro , Sebastian Risi

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) represent a powerful framework for modeling biological self-organization, extending classical rule-based systems with trainable, differentiable (or evolvable) update rules that capture the adaptive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Benedikt Hartl , Michael Levin , Léo Pio-Lopez

We propose Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) to simulate the microstructure development during the solidification process in metals. Based on convolutional neural networks, NCA can learn essential solidification features, such as preferred…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-09-08 Jian Tang , Siddhant Kumar , Laura De Lorenzis , Ehsan Hosseini

In contrast to deep reinforcement learning agents, biological neural networks are grown through a self-organized developmental process. Here we propose a new hypernetwork approach to grow artificial neural networks based on neural cellular…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Elias Najarro , Shyam Sudhakaran , Claire Glanois , Sebastian Risi

This study significantly advances multi-texture synthesis using Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) by introducing a novel training methodology that enables robust self-regeneration of textures in damaged regions. This inherent healing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mirela-Magdalena Catrina , Ioana Cristina Plajer , Alexandra Băicoianu

Neural Cellular Automata (NCA) have shown a remarkable ability to learn the required rules to "grow" images, classify morphologies, segment images, as well as to do general computation such as path-finding. We believe the inductive prior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Alexander Mordvintsev , Eyvind Niklasson , Ettore Randazzo

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to generate images (or other artworks) by using neural cellular automatas (NCAs). Rather than training NCAs based on single images one by one, we combined the idea with variational autoencoders…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Mingxiang Chen , Zhecheng Wang

Biological systems exhibit remarkable morphogenetic plasticity, where a single genome can encode various specialized cellular structures triggered by local chemical signals. In the domain of Deep Learning, Differentiable Neural Cellular…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Ali Sakour

Texture modeling and synthesis are essential for enhancing the realism of virtual environments. Methods that directly synthesize textures in 3D offer distinct advantages to the UV-mapping-based methods as they can create seamless textures…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ehsan Pajouheshgar , Yitao Xu , Alexander Mordvintsev , Eyvind Niklasson , Tong Zhang , Sabine Süsstrunk

Cellular automata and their differentiable counterparts, Neural Cellular Automata (NCA), are highly expressive and capable of surprisingly complex behaviors. This paper explores how NCAs perform when applied to tasks requiring precise…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Kevin Xu , Risto Miikkulainen

Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) offer a way to study the growth of two-dimensional artificial organisms from a single seed cell. From the outset, NCA-grown organisms have had issues with stability, their natural boundary often breaking down…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 James Stovold

Cellular automata (CAs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are closely related due to the local nature of information processing. The connection between these topics is beneficial to both related fields, for conceptual as well as…

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases · Physics 2024-09-05 Michiel Rollier , Aisling J. Daly , Odemir M. Bruno , Jan M. Baetens

Neural cellular automata represent an evolution of the traditional cellular automata model, enhanced by the integration of a deep learning-based transition function. This shift from a manual to a data-driven approach significantly increases…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-26 Andrea Menta , Alberto Archetti , Matteo Matteucci

As Neural Cellular Automata (NCAs) are increasingly applied outside of the toy models in Artificial Life, there is a pressing need to understand how they behave and to build appropriate routes to interpret what they have learnt. By their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 James Stovold , Mia-Katrin Kvalsund , Harald Michael Ludwig , Varun Sharma , Alexander Mordvintsev
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