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In order to achieve error rates necessary for advantageous quantum algorithms, Quantum Error Correction (QEC) will need to be employed, improving logical qubit fidelity beyond what can be achieved physically. As today's devices begin to…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is believed to be essential for the realization of large-scale quantum computers. However, due to the complexity of operating on the encoded `logical' qubits, understanding the physical principles for building…

Integrated photonics has enabled much progress towards quantum technologies. Many applications, including quantum communication, sensing, and distributed and cloud quantum computing, will require coherent photonic interconnection between…

Large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers of the future will likely be modular by necessity or by design. Modularity is inevitable if the substrate cannot support the desired error-correction code due to its planar geometry or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-27 Kamil Bradler

We introduce an adaptable and modular hybrid architecture designed for fault-tolerant quantum computing. It combines quantum emitters and linear-optical entangling gates to leverage the strength of both matter-based and photonic-based…

Quantum computation with light, compared with other platforms, offers the unique benefit of natural high-speed operations at room temperature and large clock rate, but a big obstacle of photonics is the lack of strong nonlinearities which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Kosuke Fukui , Peter van Loock

Distributed quantum computing (DQC) combines the computing power of multiple networked quantum processing modules, enabling the execution of large quantum circuits without compromising on performance and connectivity. Photonic networks are…

Fusion-based quantum computation is a promising quantum computing model where small-sized photonic resource states are simultaneously entangled and measured by fusion gates. Such operations can be readily implemented with scalable photonic…

Among the objectives toward large-scale quantum computation is the quantum interconnect: a device which uses photons to interface qubits that otherwise could not interact. However, current approaches require photons indistinguishable in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-23 Joseph M. Lukens , Pavel Lougovski

We propose a novel architecture for fault-tolerant quantum computing that incorporates strong single-photon nonlinearities into a photonic GHZ-measurement-based architecture. The nonlinearities substantially reduce resource overheads…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Maike Ostmann , Joshua Nunn , Alex E. Jones

The essential requirement for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is the total protocol design to achieve a fair balance of all the critical factors relevant to its practical realization, such as the space overhead, the threshold, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Satoshi Yoshida , Shiro Tamiya , Hayata Yamasaki

Hybridizing different degrees of freedom or physical platforms potentially offers various advantages in building scalable quantum architectures. We here introduce a fault-tolerant hybrid quantum computation by taking the advantages of both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Jaehak Lee , Nuri Kang , Seok-Hyung Lee , Hyunseok Jeong , Liang Jiang , Seung-Woo Lee

Connecting multiple smaller qubit modules by generating high-fidelity entangled states is a promising path for scaling quantum computing hardware. The performance of such a modular quantum computer is highly dependent on the quality and…

With gate error rates in multiple technologies now below the threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, the major remaining obstacle to useful quantum computation is scaling, a challenge greatly amplified by the huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Kianna Wan , Soonwon Choi , Isaac H. Kim , Noah Shutty , Patrick Hayden

Fault-tolerant complexes describe surface-code fault-tolerant protocols from a single geometric object. We first introduce fusion complexes that define a general family of fusion-based quantum computing (FBQC) fault-tolerant quantum…

In the emerging field of Fault Tolerant Quantum Computation (FTQC), resource estimation is an important tool for quantitatively comparing prospective architectures, identifying hardware bottlenecks and informing which research paths are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Dmitry Filippov , Peter Yang , Prakash Murali

Photonics represents one of the most promising approaches to large-scale quantum computation with millions of qubits and billions of gates, owing to the potential for room-temperature operation, high clock speeds, miniaturization of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Paul Renault , Patrick Yard , Raphael C. Pooser , Miller Eaton , Hussain Asim Zaidi

Quantum entanglement is the central resource behind applications in quantum information science, from quantum computers and simulators of complex quantum systems to metrology and secure communication. All of these applications require the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 D. Hucul , I. V. Inlek , G. Vittorini , C. Crocker , S. Debnath , S. M. Clark , C. Monroe

Construction of an optical quantum computer (OQC) is finished by implementing all necessary ingredients with light (photon). There is, however, one more hurdle to clear. It is scalability, which is easily lost when accommodating many qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-28 T. Asaba , S. Fukatsu

As quantum computing scales toward practical workloads, future systems are expected to move beyond single monolithic processors toward modular architectures that connect multiple QPUs. Different platforms realize this modularity through…