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JWST$'$s large aperture and wide wavelength coverage will enable it to collect the highest quality transit spectra observed so far. For exoplanetary atmospheres we expect to retrieve the abundance of the most abundant molecules, such as…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-12-20 Dong Wang , Yamila Miguel , Jonathan Lunine

Conventional atmospheric retrieval codes are designed to extract information, such as chemical abundances, thermal structures and cloud properties, from fully "reduced" spectra obtained during transit or eclipse. Reduced spectra, however,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-05 Quentin Changeat , Yuichi Ito , Ahmed F. Al-Refaie , Kai Hou Yip , Theresa Lueftinger

High-contrast, medium-resolution spectroscopy with JWST can resolve molecular and isotopic features in cool substellar atmospheres, but for close-in companions the extracted spectra can be biased by wavelength-dependent residual stellar…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-05 Darío González Picos , Tessa van der Post , Sam de Regt , Jean-Baptiste Ruffio , Natalie Grasser , Ignas Snellen

The retrieval approach is currently a standard method for deriving atmospheric properties from observed spectra of exoplanets. However, the approach ignores disequilibrium chemistry in most current retrieval codes, which can lead to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-08 Yui Kawashima , Michiel Min

In recent years, a number of observations have been made of the transits of 'Hot Jupiters', such as HD 189733b, which have been modelled to derive atmospheric structure and composition. As measurement techniques improve, the transit spectra…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 Patrick G. J. Irwin , Joanna K. Barstow , Neil E. Bowles , Leigh N. Fletcher , Suzanne Aigrain , Jae-Min Lee

The characterization of exoplanet atmospheres has proven to be successful using high-resolution spectroscopy. Phase curve observations of hot/ultra-hot Jupiters can reveal their compositions and thermal structures, thereby allowing the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-01 Swaetha Ramkumar , Neale P. Gibson , Stevanus K. Nugroho , Cathal Maguire , Mark Fortune

Our ability to observe, detect, and characterize exoplanetary atmospheres has grown by leaps and bounds over the last 20 years, aided largely by developments in astronomical instrumentation; improvements in data analysis techniques; and an…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-17 Nikolai Piskunov , Adam D. Rains , Linn Boldt-Christmas

Detecting the atmospheres of low-mass low-temperature exoplanets is a high-priority goal on the path to ultimately detect biosignatures in the atmospheres of habitable exoplanets. High-precision HST observations of several super-Earths with…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-04-07 John Southworth , Luigi Mancini , Nikku Madhusudhan , Paul Molliere , Simona Ciceri , Thomas Henning

The conventional observables to identify a habitable or inhabited environment in exoplanets, such as an ocean glint or abundant atmospheric O$_2$, will be challenging to detect with present or upcoming observatories. Here we suggest a new…

Despite recent progress in the spectroscopic characterization of individual exoplanets, the atmospheres of key ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) still lack comprehensive investigations. These include WASP-178b, one of the most irradiated UHJs known…

HD 209458b is the prototypical hot Jupiter and one of the best targets available for precise atmosphere characterisation. Now that spectra from both Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) are available, we can…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-13 N. Bachmann , L. Kreidberg , P. Mollière , D. Deming , S. -M. Tsai

The atmospheric composition of exoplanets with masses between 2 and 10 M$_\oplus$ is poorly understood. In that regard, the sub-Neptune K2-18b, which is subject to Earth-like stellar irradiation, offers a valuable opportunity for the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-03 Doriann Blain , Benjamin Charnay , Bruno Bézard

The nature of aerosols in hot exoplanet atmospheres is one of the primary vexing questions facing the exoplanet field. The complex chemistry, multiple formation pathways, and lack of easily identifiable spectral features associated with…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-08-30 Eliza M. -R. Kempton , Jacob L. Bean , Vivien Parmentier

The European Space Agency's Ariel mission will conduct a survey of the atmospheric properties of exoplanets around bright stars. The mission is nominally divided into three Tiers. The Tier 1 survey will consist of low-precision observations…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-10 Michael Radica , Nicolas B. Cowan , Ryan Cloutier , Leo Yang Wang

Brown dwarf spectra contain a wealth of information about their molecular abundances, temperature structure, and gravity. We present a new data driven retrieval approach, previously used in planetary atmosphere studies, to extract the…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-19 Michael R. Line , Jonathan J. Fortney , Mark S. Marley , Satoko Sorahana

It has been shown that spectroscopy of transiting extrasolar planets can potentially provide a wealth of information about their atmospheres. Herein, we set up the inverse problem in spectroscopic retrieval. We use non-linear optimal…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 M. R. Line , X. Zhang , G. Vaisht , P. Chen , V. Natraj , P. Chen , Y. L. Yung

Today's most detailed characterization of exoplanet atmospheres is accessible via transit spectroscopy (TS). Detecting transiting exoplanets only yields their size, and it is thus standard to measure a planet's mass before moving towards…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-01 Julien de Wit , Sara Seager , Prajwal Niraula

Atmospheric characterization of exoplanets using ground-based high-resolution transmission spectroscopy has traditionally focussed on large and close-in planets, such as hot Jupiters. In this work, we aim to extend this technique to smaller…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-01 Connor J. Cheverall , Nikku Madhusudhan , Savvas Constantinou , Peter R. McCullough

The population of ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) provide unique opportunities to probe the extreme formation and evolutionary pathways in exoplanets. Owing to their very high temperatures and inflated atmospheres, UHJs are among the most…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-14 Suman Saha , James S. Jenkins

Ultra-cool brown dwarfs offer a unique window into understanding substellar atmospheric physics and chemistry. Their strong molecular absorption bands at infrared wavelengths, Jupiter-like radii, cool temperatures, and lack of complicating…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-29 Joseph A. Zalesky , Michael R. Line , Adam C. Schneider , Jennifer Patience