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Quantifying uncertainty in detected changepoints is an important problem. However it is challenging as the naive approach would use the data twice, first to detect the changes, and then to test them. This will bias the test, and can lead to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Rachel Carrington , Paul Fearnhead

Probabilistic forecasts in the form of probability distributions over future events have become popular in several fields including meteorology, hydrology, economics, and demography. In typical applications, many alternative statistical…

Computation · Statistics 2018-07-31 Alexander Jordan , Fabian Krüger , Sebastian Lerch

We introduce a testing-by-betting framework that leverages predictions on unlabeled data to enhance the power of sequential hypothesis testing. Given limited samples from the joint distribution of $(X,Y)$, and additional unlabeled samples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yaniv Tenzer , Elad Tolochinsky , Yaniv Romano

Many multiple testing procedures make use of the p-values from the individual pairs of hypothesis tests, and are valid if the p-value statistics are independent and uniformly distributed under the null hypotheses. However, it has recently…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-08-25 Joshua D. Habiger , Edsel A. Pena

The e-value is swiftly rising in prominence in many applications of hypothesis testing and multiple testing, yet its relationship to classical testing theory remains elusive. We unify e-values and classical testing into a single 'continuous…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-12 Nick W. Koning

In this study, we propose a two-stage procedure for hypothesis testing, where the first stage is conventional hypothesis testing and the second is an equivalence testing procedure using an introduced Empirical Equivalence Bound. In 2016,…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-01 Yi Zhao , Brian S. Caffo , Joshua B. Ewen

Conformal Prediction (CP) serves as a robust framework that quantifies uncertainty in predictions made by Machine Learning (ML) models. Unlike traditional point predictors, CP generates statistically valid prediction regions, also known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 A. A. Balinsky , A. D. Balinsky

We show that a class of optimized e-value combinations, arising from a standard construction of e-processes, remains valid even when the tuning parameter is optimized based on the data. This result holds for independent e-values, and, more…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-12 Jiahao Ming , Yi Shen , Ruodu Wang

Time-to-event forecasts are essential when decisions depend on event timing. This article develops a framework for evaluating such forecasts when the event has not yet occurred or is not predicted within the forecast horizon. We introduce a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Robert J. Taggart , Nicholas Loveday , Simon Louis

When predicting future events, it is common to issue forecasts that are probabilistic, in the form of probability distributions over the range of possible outcomes. Such forecasts can be evaluated using proper scoring rules. Proper scoring…

Computation · Statistics 2023-05-15 Sam Allen

In an attempt to provide an answer to the increasing criticism against p-values and to bridge the gap between statistical inference and prediction modelling, we introduce the probability of improved prediction (PIP). In general, the PIP is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-28 Olivier Thas , Stijn Jaspers

Since its debut in the 18th century, the P-value has been an important part of hypothesis testing-based scientific discoveries. As the statistical engine accelerates, questions are beginning to be raised, asking to what extent scientific…

Mathematics is a limited component of solutions to real-world problems, as it expresses only what is expected to be true if all our assumptions are correct, including implicit assumptions that are omnipresent and often incorrect.…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-14 Sander Greenland

We are concerned with testing replicability hypotheses for many endpoints simultaneously. This constitutes a multiple test problem with composite null hypotheses. Traditional $p$-values, which are computed under least favourable parameter…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-26 Anh-Tuan Hoang , Thorsten Dickhaus

We derive inferential procedures for large sample sizes that remain valid under data-dependent significance levels (so-called "post-hoc valid inference"). Classical statistical tools require that the significance level -- the "type-I error"…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Ben Chugg , Etienne Gauthier , Michael I. Jordan , Aaditya Ramdas , Ian Waudby-Smith

Sequential decision making significantly speeds up research and is more cost-effective compared to fixed-n methods. We present a method for sequential decision making for stratified count data that retains Type-I error guarantee or false…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-23 Rosanne J. Turner , Peter D. Grünwald

How can we monitor, in real time, whether one uncertain prospect has any upside over another? To answer this question, we develop a novel family of sequential, anytime-valid tests for stochastic dominance (SD; also known as stochastic…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-24 Sebastian Arnold , Yo Joong Choe , Marco Scarsini , Ilia Tsetlin

In the context of supervised parametric models, we introduce the concept of e-values. An e-value is a scalar quantity that represents the proximity of the sampling distribution of parameter estimates in a model trained on a subset of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-19 Subhabrata Majumdar , Snigdhansu Chatterjee

We address the problem of testing conditional mean and conditional variance for non-stationary data. We build e-values and p-values for four types of non-parametric composite hypotheses with specified mean and variance as well as other…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-25 Yixuan Fan , Zhanyi Jiao , Ruodu Wang

We develop E-variables for testing whether two or more data streams come from the same source or not, and more generally, whether the difference between the sources is larger than some minimal effect size. These E-variables lead to exact,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-23 Rosanne Turner , Alexander Ly , Peter Grünwald