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Non-Markovian Reinforcement Learning (RL) tasks present significant challenges, as agents must reason over entire trajectories of state-action pairs to make optimal decisions. A common strategy to address this is through symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Hazem Dewidar , Elena Umili

Identifying governing equations for a dynamical system is a topic of critical interest across an array of disciplines, from mathematics to engineering to biology. Machine learning -- specifically deep learning -- techniques have shown their…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Nibodh Boddupalli , Timothy Matchen , Jeff Moehlis

We present Revel, a partially neural reinforcement learning (RL) framework for provably safe exploration in continuous state and action spaces. A key challenge for provably safe deep RL is that repeatedly verifying neural networks within a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Greg Anderson , Abhinav Verma , Isil Dillig , Swarat Chaudhuri

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has achieved impressive success in many applications. A key component of many DRL models is a neural network representing a Q function, to estimate the expected cumulative reward following a state-action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-17 Guiliang Liu , Oliver Schulte , Wang Zhu , Qingcan Li

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents rely on shortcut learning, preventing them from generalizing to slightly different environments. To address this problem, symbolic method, that use object-centric states, have been developed. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Nils Grandien , Quentin Delfosse , Kristian Kersting

We propose a learning architecture that allows symbolic control and guidance in reinforcement learning with deep neural networks. We introduce SymDQN, a novel modular approach that augments the existing Dueling Deep Q-Networks (DuelDQN)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Ivo Amador , Nina Gierasimczuk

Conventional deep reinforcement learning methods are sample-inefficient and usually require a large number of training trials before convergence. Since such methods operate on an unconstrained action set, they can lead to useless actions. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Daiki Kimura , Subhajit Chaudhury , Akifumi Wachi , Ryosuke Kohita , Asim Munawar , Michiaki Tatsubori , Alexander Gray

Large language models (LLMs) continue to face challenges in reliably solving reasoning tasks, particularly those that require precise rule following, as often found in mathematical reasoning. This paper introduces a novel neurosymbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Varun Dhanraj , Chris Eliasmith

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has recently led to many breakthroughs on a range of complex control tasks. However, the agent's decision-making process is generally not transparent. The lack of interpretability hinders the applicability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Wenjie Shi , Gao Huang , Shiji Song , Zhuoyuan Wang , Tingyu Lin , Cheng Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in complex reasoning tasks but struggle with consistent rule application, exception handling, and explainability, particularly in domains like legal analysis that require both natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Albert Sadowski , Jarosław A. Chudziak

Rule-based models offer interpretability but struggle with complex data, while deep neural networks excel in performance yet lack transparency. This work investigates a neuro-symbolic rule learning neural network named RL-Net that learns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Sarah Seifi , Tobias Sukianto , Cecilia Carbonelli , Lorenzo Servadei , Robert Wille

Rule-based explanation methods offer rigorous and globally interpretable insights into neural network behavior. However, existing approaches are mostly limited to small fully connected networks and depend on costly layerwise rule extraction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chuqin Geng , Anqi Xing , Li Zhang , Ziyu Zhao , Yuhe Jiang , Xujie Si

Current advances in Artificial Intelligence and machine learning in general, and deep learning in particular have reached unprecedented impact not only across research communities, but also over popular media channels. However, concerns…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Artur d'Avila Garcez , Marco Gori , Luis C. Lamb , Luciano Serafini , Michael Spranger , Son N. Tran

The trade-off between expressiveness and interpretability remains a core challenge when building human-centric predictive models for classification and decision-making. While symbolic rules offer interpretability, they often lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Ruochen Wang , Si Si , Felix Yu , Dorothea Wiesmann , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Inderjit Dhillon

Although deep reinforcement learning has been shown to be effective, the model's black-box nature presents barriers to direct policy interpretation. To address this problem, we propose a neuro-symbolic approach called neural DNF-MT for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Kexin Gu Baugh , Luke Dickens , Alessandra Russo

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been proven to be a powerful paradigm for learning complex control policy autonomously. Numerous recent applications of DRL in robotic grasping have successfully trained DRL robotic agents end-to-end,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Zhixin Chen , Mengxiang Lin , Zhixin Jia , Shibo Jian

Sequences and time-series often arise in robot tasks, e.g., in activity recognition and imitation learning. In recent years, deep neural networks (DNNs) have emerged as an effective data-driven methodology for processing sequences given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Yaqi Xie , Fan Zhou , Harold Soh

This paper develops a novel methodology for using symbolic knowledge in deep learning. From first principles, we derive a semantic loss function that bridges between neural output vectors and logical constraints. This loss function captures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Jingyi Xu , Zilu Zhang , Tal Friedman , Yitao Liang , Guy Van den Broeck

Recent advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have led to remarkable achievements in robot locomotion capabilities. However, the complexity and ``black-box'' nature of neural network-based RL policies hinder their interpretability and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Fernando Acero , Zhibin Li

Semantic interpretability in Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables transparency and verifiability of decision-making. Achieving semantic interpretability in reinforcement learning requires (1) a feature space composed of human-understandable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zhaoxin Li , Zhang Xi-Jia , Batuhan Altundas , Letian Chen , Rohan Paleja , Matthew Gombolay