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Trustworthiness and interpretability are inextricably linked concepts for LLMs. The more interpretable an LLM is, the more trustworthy it becomes. However, current techniques for interpreting LLMs when applied to code-related tasks largely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 David N. Palacio , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Alejandro Velasco , Dipin Khati , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk

Source code comes in different shapes and forms. Previous research has already shown code to be more predictable than natural language as well as highlighted its statistical predictability at the token level: source code can be natural.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Profir-Petru Pârţachi , Mahito Sugiyama

Code summarization provides a high level natural language description of the function performed by code, as it can benefit the software maintenance, code categorization and retrieval. To the best of our knowledge, most state-of-the-art…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Yao Wan , Zhou Zhao , Min Yang , Guandong Xu , Haochao Ying , Jian Wu , Philip S. Yu

Programmers typically organize executable source code using high-level coding patterns or idiomatic structures such as nested loops, exception handlers and recursive blocks, rather than as individual code tokens. In contrast, state of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Srinivasan Iyer , Alvin Cheung , Luke Zettlemoyer

Transformer architectures have been successfully used in learning source code representations. The fusion between a graph representation like Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) and a source code sequence makes the use of current approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Junyan Cheng , Iordanis Fostiropoulos , Barry Boehm

Learning representation for source code is a foundation of many program analysis tasks. In recent years, neural networks have already shown success in this area, but most existing models did not make full use of the unique structural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Wenhan Wang , Ge Li , Sijie Shen , Xin Xia , Zhi Jin

The application of machine learning algorithms to source code has grown in the past years. Since these algorithms are quite sensitive to input data, it is not surprising that researchers experiment with input representations. Nowadays, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Egor Spirin , Egor Bogomolov , Vladimir Kovalenko , Timofey Bryksin

Understanding and navigating large-scale codebases remains a significant challenge in software engineering. Existing methods often treat code as flat text or focus primarily on local structural relationships, limiting their ability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 David Sounthiraraj , Jared Hancock , Yassin Kortam , Ashok Javvaji , Prabhat Singh , Shaila Shankar

Edit-based approaches have recently shown promising results on multiple monolingual sequence transduction tasks. In contrast to conventional sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models, which learn to generate text from scratch as they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Kostiantyn Omelianchuk , Vipul Raheja , Oleksandr Skurzhanskyi

This paper introduces STRASS: Summarization by TRAnsformation Selection and Scoring. It is an extractive text summarization method which leverages the semantic information in existing sentence embedding spaces. Our method creates an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Léo Bouscarrat , Antoine Bonnefoy , Thomas Peel , Cécile Pereira

This paper presents Tree Notation, a new simple, universal syntax. Language designers can invent new programming languages, called Tree Languages, on top of Tree Notation. Tree Languages have a number of advantages over traditional…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-10-25 Breck Yunits

Code retrieval is a crucial component in modern software development, particularly in large-scale projects. However, existing approaches relying on sequence-based models often fail to fully exploit the structural dependencies inherent in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Yufan Ye , Pu Pang , Ting Zhang , Hua Huang

The simplified parse tree (SPT) presented in Aroma, a state-of-the-art code recommendation system, is a tree-structured representation used to infer code semantics by capturing program \emph{structure} rather than program \emph{syntax}.…

Recently program learning techniques have been proposed to process source code based on syntactical structures (e.g., Abstract Syntax Trees) and/or semantic information (e.g., Dependency Graphs). Although graphs may be better at capturing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Nghi D. Q. Bui , Yijun Yu , Lingxiao Jiang

Transformer-based models have demonstrated significant success in various source code representation tasks. Nonetheless, traditional positional embeddings employed by these models inadequately capture the hierarchical structure intrinsic to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Patryk Bartkowiak , Filip Graliński

Smart contract code summarization is crucial for efficient maintenance and vulnerability mitigation. While many studies use Large Language Models (LLMs) for summarization, their performance still falls short compared to fine-tuned models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Xiaoqi Li , Yingjie Mao , Zexin Lu , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li

Automatic code summarization is beneficial to daily software development since it could help reduce the requirement of manual writing. Currently, artificial intelligence is undergoing a paradigm shift. The foundation models pretrained on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Jian Gu , Pasquale Salza , Harald C. Gall

Text analysis of tabular data relies on two core operations: \emph{summarization} for corpus-level theme extraction and \emph{tagging} for row-level labeling. A critical limitation of employing large language models (LLMs) for these tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jinxiang Xie , Zihao Li , Wei He , Rui Ding , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Usually, programming languages have official documentation to guide developers with APIs, methods, and classes. However, researchers identified insufficient or inadequate documentation examples and flaws with the API's complex structure as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 AmirHossein Naghshzan , Latifa Guerrouj , Olga Baysal

In large-scale software development, understanding the functionality and intent behind complex codebases is critical for effective development and maintenance. While code summarization has been widely studied, existing methods primarily…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Nilesh Dhulshette , Sapan Shah , Vinay Kulkarni