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Quantum state tomography aims to determine the state of a quantum system as represented by a density matrix. It is a fundamental task in modern scientific studies involving quantum systems. In this paper, we study estimation of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-03-25 Tony Cai , Donggyu Kim , Yazhen Wang , Ming Yuan , Harrison H. Zhou

Quantum simulation, the study of strongly correlated quantum matter using synthetic quantum systems, has been the most successful application of quantum computers to date. It often requires determining observables with high precision, for…

Extracting information efficiently from quantum systems is a major component of quantum information processing tasks. Randomized measurements, or classical shadows, enable predicting many properties of arbitrary quantum states using few…

Measuring expectation values of observables is an essential ingredient in variational quantum algorithms. A practical obstacle is the necessity of a large number of measurements for statistical convergence to meet requirements of precision,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-07 Masaya Kohda , Ryosuke Imai , Keita Kanno , Kosuke Mitarai , Wataru Mizukami , Yuya O. Nakagawa

We describe a simple method for certifying that an experimental device prepares a desired quantum state rho. Our method is applicable to any pure state rho, and it provides an estimate of the fidelity between rho and the actual (arbitrary)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-09 Steven T. Flammia , Yi-Kai Liu

As quantum devices continue to grow in size but remain affected by noise, it is crucial to determine when and how they can outperform classical computers on practical tasks. A central piece in this effort is to develop the most efficient…

In pure-state tomography, the concept of unique determinedness (UD) -- the ability to uniquely determine pure states from measurement results -- is crucial. This study presents a new variational approach to examining UD, offering a robust…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-12 Chao Zhang , Xuanran Zhu , Bei Zeng

Derandomization is the process of taking a randomized algorithm and turning it into a deterministic algorithm, which has attracted great attention in classical computing. In quantum computing, it is challenging and intriguing to derandomize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-27 Guanzhong Li , Lvzhou Li

We study classical shadows protocols based on randomized measurements in $n$-qubit entangled bases, generalizing the random Pauli measurement protocol ($n = 1$). We show that entangled measurements ($n\geq 2$) enable nontrivial and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-27 Matteo Ippoliti

Many routines that one might want to run on a quantum computer can benefit from adaptive circuits, relying on mid-circuit measurements and feed-forward operations. Any such measurement has to be compiled into a sequence of elementary gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-17 Julio C. Magdalena de la Fuente

How to achieve an arbitrary real-valued probability amplitude in the general single-partite or multipartite quantum system without measuring any other quantum state's probability amplitude? How to achieve an arbitrary real-valued…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-01 Xu Guanlei

We show that combining randomized measurement protocols with importance sampling allows for characterizing entanglement in significantly larger quantum systems and in a more efficient way than in previous work. A drastic reduction of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-26 Aniket Rath , Rick van Bijnen , Andreas Elben , Peter Zoller , Benoît Vermersch

Measurements are a vital part of any quantum computation, whether as a final step to retrieve results, as an intermediate step to inform subsequent operations, or as part of the computation itself (as in measurement-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-14 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman

Randomized measurements are useful for analyzing quantum systems especially when quantum control is not fully perfect. However, their practical realization typically requires multiple rotations in the complex space due to the adoption of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Jin-Min Liang , Satoya Imai , Shuheng Liu , Shao-Ming Fei , Otfried Gühne , Qiongyi He

Quantum computers are a highly promising tool for efficiently simulating quantum many-body systems. The preparation of their eigenstates is of particular interest and can be addressed, e.g., by quantum phase estimation algorithms. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Xiaoyu Liu , Benjamin F. Schiffer , Jordi Tura

Pauli Measurements are the most important measurements in both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum information science. In this paper, we explore the power of Pauli measurements in the state tomography related problems. Firstly,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-15 Nengkun Yu

We address measurement schemes where certain observables are chosen at random within a set of non-degenerate isospectral observables and then measured on repeated preparations of a physical system. Each observable has a given probability to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Carlo Sparaciari , Matteo G. A. Paris

We revisit the problem of Pauli shadow tomography: given copies of an unknown $n$-qubit quantum state $\rho$, estimate $\text{tr}(P\rho)$ for some set of Pauli operators $P$ to within additive error $\epsilon$. This has been a popular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-18 Sitan Chen , Weiyuan Gong , Qi Ye

The process of reconstructing quantum states from experimental measurements, accomplished through quantum state tomography (QST), plays a crucial role in verifying and benchmarking quantum devices. A key challenge of QST is to find out how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-08 Zhen Qin , Casey Jameson , Zhexuan Gong , Michael B. Wakin , Zhihui Zhu

Randomisation is widely used in quantum algorithms to reduce the number of quantum gates and ancillary qubits required. A range of randomised algorithms, including eigenstate property estimation by spectral filters, Hamiltonian simulation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 Jinzhao Sun , Pei Zeng