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Quantum computing is currently strongly limited by the impact of noise, in particular introduced by the application of two-qubit gates. For this reason, reducing the number of two-qubit gates is of paramount importance on noisy…

Graphical calculi are vital tools for representing and reasoning about quantum circuits and processes. Some are not only graphically intuitive but also logically complete. The best known of these is the ZX-calculus, which is an industry…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Hector Miller-Bakewell

Quantum computing is an emerging computational paradigm with the potential to outperform classical computers in solving a variety of problems. To achieve this, quantum programs are typically represented as quantum circuits, which must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Valter Uotila , Cong Yu , Bo Zhao

Traditional quantum circuit optimization is performed directly at the circuit level. Alternatively, a quantum circuit can be translated to a ZX-diagram which can be simplified using the rules of the ZX-calculus, after which a simplified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-16 Ryan Krueger

Quantum circuit cutting refers to a series of techniques that allow one to partition a quantum computation on a large quantum computer into several quantum computations on smaller devices. This usually comes at the price of a sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Marco Schumann , Tobias Stollenwerk , Alessandro Ciani

In this paper, we introduce a technique for contracting (i.e. numerically evaluating) ZX-diagrams whose complexity scales with their rank-width, a graph parameter that behaves nicely under ZX rewrite rules. Given a rank-decomposition of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Fedor Kuyanov , Aleks Kissinger

In this paper, we show that a qutrit version of ZX-calculus, with rules significantly different from that of the qubit version, is complete for pure qutrit stabilizer quantum mechanics, where state preparations and measurements are based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-05 Quanlong Wang

ZX-diagrams are a powerful graphical language for the description of quantum processes with applications in fundamental quantum mechanics, quantum circuit optimization, tensor network simulation, and many more. The utility of ZX-diagrams…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Maximilian Nägele , Florian Marquardt

The ZX-calculus was introduced as a graphical language able to represent specific quantum primitives in an intuitive way. The recent completeness results have shown the theoretical possibility of a purely graphical description of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-14 Titouan Carette , Yohann D'Anello , Simon Perdrix

A leading choice of error correction for scalable quantum computing is the surface code with lattice surgery. The basic lattice surgery operations, the merging and splitting of logical qubits, act non-unitarily on the logical states and are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-05 Niel de Beaudrap , Dominic Horsman

The Scalable ZX-calculus is a compact graphical language used to reason about linear maps between quantum states. These diagrams have multiple applications, but they frequently have to be constructed in a case-by-case basis. In this work we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-17 Augustin Borgna , Rafael Romero

Mapping a quantum algorithm to any practical large-scale quantum computer will require a sequence of compilations and optimizations. At the level of fault-tolerant encoding, one likely requirement of this process is the translation into a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-13 Michael Hanks , Marta P. Estarellas , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Quantum computations are easily represented in the graphical notation known as the ZX-calculus, a.k.a. the red-green calculus. We demonstrate its use in reasoning about measurement-based quantum computing, where the graphical syntax…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-03-29 Ross Duncan

ZX-calculus is a graphical language for quantum computing which is complete in the sense that calculation in matrices can be done in a purely diagrammatic way. However, all previous universally complete axiomatisations of ZX-calculus have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Quanlong Wang

The ZX-calculus is a graphical calculus for reasoning about pure state qubit quantum mechanics. It is complete for pure qubit stabilizer quantum mechanics, meaning any equality involving only stabilizer operations that can be derived using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-31 Miriam Backens

Recent advances in classical simulation of Clifford+T circuits make use of the ZX calculus to iteratively decompose and simplify magic states into stabiliser terms. We improve on this method by studying stabiliser decompositions of ZX…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Mark Koch , Richie Yeung , Quanlong Wang

The ZX-Calculus is a graphical language for quantum mechanics. An axiomatisation has recently been proven to be complete for an approximatively universal fragment of quantum mechanics, the so-called Clifford+T fragment. We focus here on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-26 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart

Graphical languages offer intuitive and rigorous formalisms for quantum physics. They can be used to simplify expressions, derive equalities, and do computations. Yet in order to replace conventional formalisms, rigour alone is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-01 Miriam Backens

The ZX-calculus is a universal graphical language for qubit quantum computation, meaning that every linear map between qubits can be expressed in the ZX-calculus. Furthermore, it is a complete graphical rewrite system: any equation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-22 Boldizsár Poór , Quanlong Wang , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh , Richie Yeung , Bob Coecke

Mapping fermionic systems to qubits on a quantum computer is often the first step for algorithms in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics. However, it is difficult to reconcile the many different approaches that have been proposed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Haytham McDowall-Rose , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh