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Related papers: Hardness of Token Swapping on Trees

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The input to the token swapping problem is a graph with vertices $v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_n$, and $n$ tokens with labels $1, 2, \ldots, n$, one on each vertex. The goal is to get token $i$ to vertex $v_i$ for all $i= 1, \ldots, n$ using a…

We study the weighted token swapping problem, in which we are given a graph on $n$ vertices, $n$ weighted tokens, an initial assignment of one token to each vertex, and a final assignment of one token to each vertex. The goal is to find a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Nicole Wein , Guanyu Tony Zhang

We study the token swapping problem, in which we are given a graph with an initial assignment of one distinct token to each vertex, and a final desired assignment (again with one token per vertex). The goal is to find the minimum length…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Sam Hiken , Nicole Wein

In the Token Swapping problem we are given a graph with a token placed on each vertex. Each token has exactly one destination vertex, and we try to move all the tokens to their destinations, using the minimum number of swaps, i.e.,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Édouard Bonnet , Tillmann Miltzow , Paweł Rzążewski

Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ with $V=\{1,\ldots,n\}$, we place on every vertex a token $T_1,\ldots,T_n$. A swap is an exchange of tokens on adjacent vertices. We consider the algorithmic question of finding a shortest sequence of swaps such that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-07-28 Tillmann Miltzow , Lothar Narins , Yoshio Okamoto , Günter Rote , Antonis Thomas , Takeaki Uno

We study the following variant of the 15 puzzle. Given a graph and two token placements on the vertices, we want to find a walk of the minimum length (if any exists) such that the sequence of token swappings along the walk obtains one of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hironori Kiya , Yuto Okada , Hirotaka Ono , Yota Otachi

The problems of Permutation Routing via Matching and Token Swapping are reconfiguration problems on graphs. This paper is concerned with the complexity of those problems and a colored variant. For a given graph where each vertex has a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Jun Kawahara , Toshiki Saitoh , Ryo Yoshinaka

In this paper we study a combinatorial reconfiguration problem that involves finding an optimal sequence of swaps to move an initial configuration of tokens that are placed on the vertices of a graph to a final desired one. This problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ishan Bansal , Oktay Günlük , Richard Shapley

We investigate the computational complexity of the following problem. We are given a graph in which each vertex has an initial and a target color. Each pair of adjacent vertices can swap their current colors. Our goal is to perform the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Katsuhisa Yamanaka , Takashi Horiyama , J. Mark Keil , David Kirkpatrick , Yota Otachi , Toshiki Saitoh , Ryuhei Uehara , Yushi Uno

We study how we can accelerate the spreading of information in temporal graphs via shifting operations; a problem that captures real-world applications varying from information flows to distribution schedules. In a temporal graph there is a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Argyrios Deligkas , Eduard Eiben , George Skretas

Reconfiguration problems involve determining whether two given configurations can be transformed into each other under specific rules. The Token Sliding problem asks whether, given two different set of tokens on vertices of a graph $G$, we…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Niranka Banerjee , Christian Engels , Duc A. Hoang

\textsc{Directed Token Sliding} asks, given a directed graph and two sets of pairwise nonadjacent vertices, whether one can reach from one set to the other by repeatedly applying a local operation that exchanges a vertex in the current set…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Takehiro Ito , Yuni Iwamasa , Yasuaki Kobayashi , Yu Nakahata , Yota Otachi , Masahiro Takahashi , Kunihiro Wasa

Genome rearrangements are events in which large blocks of DNA exchange pieces during evolution. The analysis of such events is a tool for understanding evolutionary genomics, based on finding the minimum number of rearrangements to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Luís Cunha , Thiago Lopes , Arnaud Mary

We study the crossing-minimization problem in a layered graph drawing of planar-embedded rooted trees whose leaves have a given total order on the first layer, which adheres to the embedding of each individual tree. The task is then to…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Julia Katheder , Stephen G. Kobourov , Axel Kuckuk , Maximilian Pfister , Johannes Zink

Node tokenized graph Transformers (GTs) have shown promising performance in node classification. The generation of token sequences is the key module in existing tokenized GTs which transforms the input graph into token sequences,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Jinsong Chen , Chenyang Li , GaiChao Li , John E. Hopcroft , Kun He

Two kinds of approximation algorithms exist for the k-BALANCED PARTITIONING problem: those that are fast but compute unsatisfying approximation ratios, and those that guarantee high quality ratios but are slow. In this paper we prove that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Andreas Emil Feldmann

We study a new reconfiguration problem inspired by classic mechanical puzzles: a colored token is placed on each vertex of a given graph; we are also given a set of distinguished cycles on the graph. We are tasked with rearranging the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Kwon Kham Sai , Ryuhei Uehara , Giovanni Viglietta

Let $S$ be an independent set of a simple undirected graph $G$. Suppose that each vertex of $S$ has a token placed on it. The tokens are allowed to be moved, one at a time, by sliding along the edges of $G$, so that after each move, the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Mathew C. Francis , Veena Prabhakaran

In multistage perfect matching problems we are given a sequence of graphs on the same vertex set and asked to find a sequence of perfect matchings, corresponding to the sequence of graphs, such that consecutive matchings are as similar as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Markus Chimani , Niklas Troost , Tilo Wiedera

The emergence of massive graph data sets requires fast mining algorithms. Centrality measures to identify important vertices belong to the most popular analysis methods in graph mining. A measure that is gaining attention is forest…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Alexander van der Grinten , Eugenio Angriman , Maria Predari , Henning Meyerhenke
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