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Bayesian models provide recursive inference naturally because they can formally reconcile new data and existing scientific information. However, popular use of Bayesian methods often avoids priors that are based on exact posterior…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-29 Mevin B. Hooten , Devin S. Johnson , Brian M. Brost

Calibration is a classical notion from the forecasting literature which aims to address the question: how should predicted probabilities be interpreted? In a world where we only get to observe (discrete) outcomes, how should we evaluate a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Parikshit Gopalan , Lunjia Hu

The problem of the priors is well known: it concerns the challenge of identifying norms that govern one's prior credences. I argue that a key to addressing this problem lies in considering what I call the problem of the posteriors -- the…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2025-07-01 Hanti Lin

We show that quantum mechanics is the first theory in human history that violates the basic a priori principles that have shaped human thought since immemorial times. Therefore although it is more contrary to magic than any body of…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2008-05-06 M. Ferrero , D. Salgado , J. L. Sanchez-Gomez

Predicting outcomes in external domains is challenging due to hidden confounders that potentially influence both predictors and outcomes. Well-established methods frequently rely on stringent assumptions, explicit knowledge about the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-14 Carlos García Meixide , David Ríos Insua

Bayesian optimization is a coherent, ubiquitous approach to decision-making under uncertainty, with applications including multi-arm bandits, active learning, and black-box optimization. Bayesian optimization selects decisions (i.e.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Samuel Stanton , Wesley Maddox , Andrew Gordon Wilson

The usual formulation of quantum theory is rather abstract. In recent work I have shown that we can, nevertheless, obtain quantum theory from five reasonable axioms. Four of these axioms are obviously consistent with both classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Lucien Hardy

This series of introductory lectures consists of two parts. In the first part, I rapidly review the basic notions of quantum physics and many primitives of quantum information (i.e. notions that one must be somehow familiar with in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-08 Valerio Scarani

According to quantum theory, the outcomes of future measurements cannot (in general) be predicted with certainty. In some cases, even with a complete physical description of the system to be measured and the measurement apparatus, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-16 Terence E. Stuart , Joshua A. Slater , Roger Colbeck , Renato Renner , Wolfgang Tittel

In former work, we showed that a quantum algorithm is the sum over the histories of a classical algorithm that knows in advance 50% of the information about the solution of the problem - each history is a possible way of getting the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-17 Giuseppe Castagnoli

Physical superpositions exist both in classical and in quantum physics. However, what is exactly meant by 'superposition' in each case is extremely different. In this paper we discuss some of the multiple interpretations which exist in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-16 Newton da Costa , Christian de Ronde

Quantum mechanics forces us to reconsider certain aspects of classical causality. The 'central mystery' of quantum mechanics manifests in different ways, depending on the interpretation. This mystery can be formulated as the possibility of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-13 Ovidiu Cristinel Stoica

Misinterpretation in the preceding Comment of my recent analysis of the past of a photon is corrected. There is nothing in this analysis which is "contrary to the usual quantum expectations" but, nevertheless, it does provide "further…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-07 Lev Vaidman

In a probability-based reasoning system, Bayes' theorem and its variations are often used to revise the system's beliefs. However, if the explicit conditions and the implicit conditions of probability assignments `me properly distinguished,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-08 Pei Wang

We review the Consistent Amplitude approach to Quantum Theory and argue that quantum probabilities are explicitly Bayesian. In this approach amplitudes are tools for inference. They codify objective information about how complicated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Ariel Caticha

It is often stated that quantum mechanics only makes statistical predictions and that a quantum state is described by the various probability distributions associated with it. Can we describe a quantum state completely in terms of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. C. G. Sudarshan

We derive the master equation that governs the evolution of the measured state backwards in time in an open system. This allows us to determine probabilities for a given set of preparation events from the results of subsequent measurements,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Stephen M. Barnett , David T. Pegg , John Jeffers , Ottavia Jedrkiewicz

Bayesian Inference is a powerful approach to data analysis that is based almost entirely on probability theory. In this approach, probabilities model {\it uncertainty} rather than randomness or variability. This thesis is composed of a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-09-08 Brendon J. Brewer

The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics is reanalyzed within a general, strictly probabilistic framework (without reduction postulate). Based on a novel comprehensive definition of measurement the natural emergence of objective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Markus Simonius

We illustrate two simple spin examples which show that in the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics one can retrodict with certainty incompatible or contradictory propositions corresponding to non-orthogonal or, respectively,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Giulio Peruzzi , Alberto Rimini