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Quantum thermodynamics can be naturally phrased as a theory of quantum state transformation and energy exchange for small-scale quantum systems undergoing thermodynamical processes, thereby making the resource theoretical approach very well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Uttam Singh , Jarosław K. Korbicz , Nicolas J. Cerf

Symmetry packaging is the phenomenon whereby, upon particle creation, all the internal quantum numbers (IQNs) become locked into a single irreducible representation (irrep) block of the gauge group, as required by locality and gauge…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-08-11 Rongchao Ma

A version of the second law of thermodynamics states that one cannot lower the energy of an isolated system by a cyclic operation. We prove this law without introducing statistical ensembles and by resorting only to quantum mechanics. We…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-04-02 Sheldon Goldstein , Takashi Hara , Hal Tasaki

We study work extraction (defined as the difference between the initial and the final energy) in noninteracting and (effectively) weakly interacting isolated fermionic quantum lattice systems in one dimension, which undergo a sequence of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-07-05 Ranjan Modak , Marcos Rigol

The generalized Gibbs ensemble introduced for describing few body correlations in exactly solvable systems following a quantum quench is related to the nonergodic way in which operators sample, in the limit of infinite time after the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-02-13 Miguel A. Cazalilla , A. Iucci , Ming-Chiang Chung

In this short review article, we present recent progress in quantum thermodynamics in the framework with a correlated catalyst. We examine two key properties of thermal operations, the Gibbs preserving property and the covariant property.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Naoto Shiraishi

Passive states, i.e., those states from which no work can be extracted via unitary operations, play an important role in the foundations and applications of quantum thermodynamics. They generalize the familiar Gibbs thermal states, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-13 Uttam Singh , Siddhartha Das , Nicolas J. Cerf

The Brownian motion of a quantum particle in a harmonic confining potential and coupled to a harmonic quantum thermal bath is exactly solvable. It is shown that at low enough temperatures the stationary state is non-Gibbsian due to an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen , A. E. Allahverdyan

Quantum thermal states are known to be passive, as required by the second law of thermodynamics. This paper investigates the potential for work extraction by coupling a thermal bath to a qubit of either spin, fermionic, or topological type,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Jhh-Jing Hong , Feng-Li Lin

Gibbs states play a central role in quantum statistical mechanics as the standard description of thermal equilibrium. Traditionally, their use is justified either by a heuristic, a posteriori reasoning, or by derivations based on notions of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Vjosa Blakaj , Matthias C. Caro , Anouar Kouraich , Daniel Malz , Michael M. Wolf

We propose a new form of the Second Law inequality that defines a tight bound for extractable work from the non-equilibrium quantum state. In classical thermodynamics, the optimal work is given by the difference of free energy, what…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Marcin Łobejko

Integrable systems do not obey the strong eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), which has been proposed as a mechanism of thermalization in isolated quantum systems. It has been suggested that an integrable system reaches a steady…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-07-29 Takashi Ishii , Takashi Mori

We consider the thermalization hypothesis of pure states in quantum Ising chain with $Z_2$ symmetry, XXZ chain with $U(1)$ symmetry, and XXX chain with $SU(2)$ symmetries. Two kinds of pure states are considered: the energy eigenstates and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Feng-Li Lin , Jhh-Jing Hong , Ching-Yu Huang

Recent years have seen an enormously revived interest in the study of thermodynamic notions in the quantum regime. This applies both to the study of notions of work extraction in thermal machines in the quantum regime, as well as to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-28 M. Perarnau-Llobet , A. Riera , R. Gallego , H. Wilming , J. Eisert

A large class of isolated quantum system in a pure state can equilibrate and serve as a heat bath. We show that once the equilibrium is reached, any of its subsystems that is much smaller than the isolated system is thermalized such that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-06-13 Quntao Zhuang , Biao Wu

In non-interacting isolated quantum systems out of equilibrium, local subsystems typically relax to non-thermal stationary states. In the standard framework, information on the rest of the system is discarded, and such states are described…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-23 Maxime Lucas , Lorenzo Piroli , Jacopo De Nardis , Andrea De Luca

In generic classical and quantum many-body systems, where typically energy and particle number are the only conserved quantities, stationary states are described by thermal equilibrium. In contrast, integrable systems showcase an infinite…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2026-01-13 Alvise Bastianello , Alexey Tikan , Francois Copie , Stephane Randoux , Pierre Suret

Quantum thermodynamics can be cast as a resource theory by considering free access to a heat bath, thereby viewing the Gibbs state at a fixed temperature as a free state and hence any other state as a resource. Here, we consider a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-09 Uttam Singh , Michael G. Jabbour , Zacharie Van Herstraeten , Nicolas J. Cerf

The local physical properties of an isolated quantum statistical system in the stationary state reached long after a quench are generically described by the Gibbs ensemble, which involves only its Hamiltonian and the temperature as a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-06-13 Laura Foini , Andrea Gambassi , Robert Konik , Leticia F. Cugliandolo

We develop a general perturbative theory of finite-coupling quantum thermometry up to second order in probe-sample interaction. By assumption, the probe and sample are in thermal equilibrium, so the probe is described by the mean-force…