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The emergent phenomena of large foundation models have revolutionized natural language processing. However, evaluating these models presents significant challenges due to their size, capabilities, and deployment across diverse applications.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Jiayi Yuan , Jiamu Zhang , Andrew Wen , Xia Hu

Evaluating text generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) is challenging, particularly for low-resource languages where methods for direct assessment are scarce. We propose MUG-Eval, a novel framework that evaluates LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Seyoung Song , Seogyeong Jeong , Eunsu Kim , Jiho Jin , Dongkwan Kim , Jay Shin , Alice Oh

Recent advancements in large language models have led to significant improvements across various tasks, including mathematical reasoning, which is used to assess models' intelligence in logical reasoning and problem-solving. Models are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Erez Yosef , Oron Anschel , Shunit Haviv Hakimi , Asaf Gendler , Adam Botach , Nimrod Berman , Igor Kviatkovsky

Over the past decades, coordination languages have emerged for the specification and implementation of interaction protocols for communicating software components. This class of languages includes Reo, a platform for compositional…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-08-03 Sung-Shik T. Q. Jongmans , Farhad Arbab

Composing language models (LMs) into multi-step language programs and automatically optimizing their modular prompts is now a mainstream paradigm for building AI systems, but the tradeoffs in this space have only scarcely been studied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Shangyin Tan , Lakshya A Agrawal , Arnav Singhvi , Liheng Lai , Michael J Ryan , Dan Klein , Omar Khattab , Koushik Sen , Matei Zaharia

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, accurately and comprehensively evaluating their performance becomes increasingly challenging. Ranking the relative performance of LLMs based on Elo ratings, according to human judgment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Minghao Wu , Alham Fikri Aji

The impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) has attracted considerable attention from the academic and industrial communities. Besides how to construct and train LLMs, how to effectively evaluate and compare the capacity of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhumin Chu , Qingyao Ai , Yiteng Tu , Haitao Li , Yiqun Liu

$\{log\}$ is a programming language at the intersection of Constraint Logic Programming, set programming and declarative programming. But $\{log\}$ is also a satisfiability solver for a theory of finite sets and finite binary relations.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Maximiliano Cristiá , Gianfranco Rossi

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has shifted language model evaluation toward reasoning and problem-solving tasks as measures of general intelligence. Small Language Models (SLMs) -- defined here as models under 10B parameters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Gabriel Benedict , Matthew Butler , Naved Merchant , Eetu Salama-Laine

The evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly relies on other LLMs acting as judges. However, current evaluation paradigms typically yield a single score or ranking, answering which model is better but not why. While essential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Yotam Perlitz , Roy Bar-Haim , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

Most language understanding models in task-oriented dialog systems are trained on a small amount of annotated training data, and evaluated in a small set from the same distribution. However, these models can lead to system failure or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Jiexi Liu , Ryuichi Takanobu , Jiaxin Wen , Dazhen Wan , Hongguang Li , Weiran Nie , Cheng Li , Wei Peng , Minlie Huang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are fundamentally next-token prediction systems, their practical applications extend far beyond this basic function. From natural language processing and text generation to conversational assistants and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Vishakha Agrawal , Archie Chaudhury , Shreya Agrawal

The overall goal of this paper is to investigate the theoretical foundations of algorithmic verification techniques for first order linear logic specifications. The fragment of linear logic we consider in this paper is based on the linear…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-05-23 M. Bozzano , G. Delzanno , M. Martelli

The focus of these lecture notes is on abstract models and basic ideas and results that relate to the operational semantics of programming languages largely conceived. The approach is to start with an abstract description of the computation…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Roberto M. Amadio

The paper presents the Source Code Analysis and Lexical Annotation Runtime (SCALAR), a tool specialized for mapping (annotating) source code identifier names to their corresponding part-of-speech tag sequence (grammar pattern). SCALAR's…

Reasoning has emerged as the next major frontier for language models (LMs), with rapid advances from both academic and industrial labs. However, this progress often outpaces methodological rigor, with many evaluations relying on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Andreas Hochlehnert , Hardik Bhatnagar , Vishaal Udandarao , Samuel Albanie , Ameya Prabhu , Matthias Bethge

Numerous benchmarks have been established to assess the performance of foundation models on open-ended question answering, which serves as a comprehensive test of a model's ability to understand and generate language in a manner similar to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Yushi Bai , Jiahao Ying , Yixin Cao , Xin Lv , Yuze He , Xiaozhi Wang , Jifan Yu , Kaisheng Zeng , Yijia Xiao , Haozhe Lyu , Jiayin Zhang , Juanzi Li , Lei Hou

Today functional programming languages are seen as a practical solution to the difficult problems of concurrent and distributed programming. Erlang is a functional language designed to build massively scalable and fault tolerant…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Stephen Adams

In this paper we introduce RankPL, a modeling language that can be thought of as a qualitative variant of a probabilistic programming language with a semantics based on Spohn's ranking theory. Broadly speaking, RankPL can be used to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-23 Tjitze Rienstra

The challenge of low-latency speech translation has recently draw significant interest in the research community as shown by several publications and shared tasks. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate these different approaches in…