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We propose a novel approach for generating complex outputs that significantly improves accuracy in text-to-SQL tasks. Our method leverages execution results to select the most semantically consistent query from multiple candidates, enabling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Łukasz Borchmann , Marek Wydmuch

In this paper, we study how to leverage pre-trained language models in Text-to-SQL. We argue that previous approaches under utilize the base language models by concatenating all columns together with the NL question and feeding them into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Qin Lyu , Kaushik Chakrabarti , Shobhit Hathi , Souvik Kundu , Jianwen Zhang , Zheng Chen

Converting natural language (NL) questions into SQL queries, referred to as Text-to-SQL, has emerged as a pivotal technology for facilitating access to relational databases, especially for users without SQL knowledge. Recent progress in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yiming Huang , Jiyu Guo , Wenxin Mao , Cuiyun Gao , Peiyi Han , Chuanyi Liu , Qing Ling

The task of text-to-SQL aims to convert a natural language question into its corresponding SQL query within the context of relational tables. Existing text-to-SQL parsers generate a "plausible" SQL query for an arbitrary user question,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Bing Wang , Yan Gao , Zhoujun Li , Jian-Guang Lou

We explore using T5 (Raffel et al. (2019)) to directly translate natural language questions into SQL statements. General purpose natural language that interfaces to information stored within databases requires flexibly translating natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Ning Li , Bethany Keller , Mark Butler , Daniel Cer

With the development of the Large Language Models (LLMs), a large range of LLM-based Text-to-SQL(Text2SQL) methods have emerged. This survey provides a comprehensive review of LLM-based Text2SQL studies. We first enumerate classic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Liang Shi , Zhengju Tang , Nan Zhang , Xiaotong Zhang , Zhi Yang

In this work, we present X-SQL, a new network architecture for the problem of parsing natural language to SQL query. X-SQL proposes to enhance the structural schema representation with the contextual output from BERT-style pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-23 Pengcheng He , Yi Mao , Kaushik Chakrabarti , Weizhu Chen

A practical text-to-SQL system should generalize well on a wide variety of natural language questions, unseen database schemas, and novel SQL query structures. To comprehensively evaluate text-to-SQL systems, we introduce a UNIfied…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely adopted to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) on Text-to-SQL tasks. However, existing methods often rely on execution-based or LLM-based Bradley-Terry reward models. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Han Weng , Puzhen Wu , Longjie Cui , Yi Zhan , Boyi Liu , Yuanfeng Song , Dun Zeng , Yingxiang Yang , Qianru Zhang , Dong Huang , Xiaoming Yin , Yang Sun , Xing Chen

Text-to-SQL (T2SQL) evaluation in production environments poses fundamental challenges that existing benchmarks do not address. Current evaluation methodologies whether rule-based SQL matching or schema-dependent semantic parsers assume…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Taslim Jamal Arif , Kuldeep Singh

Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did…

Generating accurate SQL from users' natural language questions (text-to-SQL) remains a long-standing challenge due to the complexities involved in user question understanding, database schema comprehension, and SQL generation. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

Most existing studies in text-to-SQL tasks do not require generating complex SQL queries with multiple clauses or sub-queries, and generalizing to new, unseen databases. In this paper we propose SyntaxSQLNet, a syntax tree network to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Tao Yu , Michihiro Yasunaga , Kai Yang , Rui Zhang , Dongxu Wang , Zifan Li , Dragomir Radev

SQL-to-Text generation aims at translating structured SQL queries into natural language descriptions, thereby facilitating comprehension of complex database operations for non-technical users. Although large language models (LLMs) have…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Sriom Chakrabarti , Chuangtao Ma , Arijit Khan , Sebastian Link

The task of translating natural language questions into query languages has long been a central focus in semantic parsing. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly accelerated progress in this field. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yuchen Ji , Bo Xu , Jie Shi , Jiaqing Liang , Deqing Yang , Yu Mao , Hai Chen , Yanghua Xiao

This paper concerns with the conversion of a Spoken English Language Query into SQL for retrieving data from RDBMS. A User submits a query as speech signal through the user interface and gets the result of the query in the text format. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-08-15 Sachin Kumar , Ashish Kumar , Pinaki Mitra , Girish Sundaram

Recent advances in agentic large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved Text-to-SQL, enabling users without database expertise to query databases intuitively. However, deploying agentic LLM-based Text-to-SQL systems in…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-10 You Peng , Youhe Jiang , Wenqi Jiang , Chen Wang , Binhang Yuan

Large language models (LLMs) with in-context learning have significantly improved the performance of text-to-SQL task. Previous works generally focus on using exclusive SQL generation prompt to improve the LLMs' reasoning ability. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Zhenhe Wu , Zhongqiu Li , Jie Zhang , Mengxiang Li , Yu Zhao , Ruiyu Fang , Zhongjiang He , Xuelong Li , Zhoujun Li , Shuangyong Song

Most of the world's data is stored in relational databases. Accessing these requires specialized knowledge of the Structured Query Language (SQL), putting them out of the reach of many people. A recent research thread in Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Bojan Petrovski , Ignacio Aguado , Andreea Hossmann , Michael Baeriswyl , Claudiu Musat

Despite recent progress in text-to-SQL parsing, current semantic parsers are still not accurate enough for practical use. In this paper, we investigate how to build automatic text-to-SQL error correction models. Noticing that token-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ziru Chen , Shijie Chen , Michael White , Raymond Mooney , Ali Payani , Jayanth Srinivasa , Yu Su , Huan Sun
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