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Antibodies play a central role in the immune response by specifically recognizing and neutralizing antigens, and therapeutic antibodies have become major drugs for cancer and autoimmune diseases. However, their discovery still relies on…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-29 Xiao Luo

Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that protect the host by binding to specific antigens, and their binding is mainly determined by the Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs) in the antibody. Despite the great progress made in CDR design,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-03 Lirong Wu , Haitao Lin , Yufei Huang , Zhangyang Gao , Cheng Tan , Yunfan Liu , Tailin Wu , Stan Z. Li

Novel diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are increasingly becoming a central part of personalized medicine. Continued innovation in the development of new radiopharmaceuticals is key to sustained growth and advancement of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-08-06 Bahar Ataeinia , Pedram Heidari

Antibody design is valuable for therapeutic usage and biological research. Existing deep-learning-based methods encounter several key issues: 1) incomplete context for Complementarity-Determining Regions (CDRs) generation; 2) incapability…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-03-31 Xiangzhe Kong , Wenbing Huang , Yang Liu

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to specific antigens, and their 3D structures are crucial for understanding their binding mechanism and designing therapeutic interventions. The specificity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jiying Zhang , Zijing Liu , Shengyuan Bai , He Cao , Yu Li , Lei Zhang

Apparent parallels between natural language and biological sequence have led to a recent surge in the application of deep language models (LMs) to the analysis of antibody and other biological sequences. However, a lack of a rigorous…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-06 Mai Ha Vu , Philippe A. Robert , Rahmad Akbar , Bartlomiej Swiatczak , Geir Kjetil Sandve , Dag Trygve Truslew Haug , Victor Greiff

Common deep learning approaches for antibody engineering focus on modeling the marginal distribution of sequences. By treating sequences as independent samples, however, these methods overlook affinity maturation as a rich and largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Stephen Zhewen Lu , Aakarsh Vermani , Kohei Sanno , Jiarui Lu , Frederick A Matsen , Milind Jagota , Yun S. Song

Understanding the relationship between antibody sequence, structure and function is essential for the design of antibody-based therapeutics and research tools. Recently, machine learning (ML) models mostly based on the application of large…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-29 Kevin Michalewicz , Mauricio Barahona , Barbara Bravi

Epitope identification is vital for antibody design yet challenging due to the inherent variability in antibodies. While many deep learning methods have been developed for general protein binding site prediction tasks, whether they work for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Chunan Liu , Lilian Denzler , Yihong Chen , Andrew Martin , Brooks Paige

The drug development process is a critical challenge in the pharmaceutical industry due to its time-consuming nature and the need to discover new drug potentials to address various ailments. The initial step in drug development, drug target…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-17 Hezha O. Rasul , Dlzar D. Ghafour , Bakhtyar K. Aziz , Bryar A. Hassan , Tarik A. Rashid , Arif Kivrak

Current pharmaceutical formulation development still strongly relies on the traditional trial-and-error approach by individual experiences of pharmaceutical scientists, which is laborious, time-consuming and costly. Recently, deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-05 Yilong Yang , Zhuyifan Ye , Yan Su , Qianqian Zhao , Xiaoshan Li , Defang Ouyang

Prediction of protein-ligand interactions (PLI) plays a crucial role in drug discovery as it guides the identification and optimization of molecules that effectively bind to target proteins. Despite remarkable advances in deep…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-07-18 Seokhyun Moon , Sang-Yeon Hwang , Jaechang Lim , Woo Youn Kim

Drug discovery is the most expensive, time demanding and challenging project in biopharmaceutical companies which aims at the identification and optimization of lead compounds from large-sized chemical libraries. The lead compounds should…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Natarajan Arul Murugan , Artur Podobas , Davide Gadioli , Emanuele Vitali , Gianluca Palermo , Stefano Markidis

This study aims to develop a deep learning model for predicting the binding affinity of ligands targeting the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) family, using 2D molecular descriptors. A dataset of 3,764 small molecules with…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-31 La Ode Aman , Aiyi Asnawi

Despite the central role that antibodies play in the adaptive immune system and in biotechnology, much remains unknown about the quantitative relationship between an antibody's amino acid sequence and its antigen binding affinity. Here we…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2018-04-16 Rhys M. Adams , Thierry Mora , Aleksandra M. Walczak , Justin B. Kinney

In structure-based drug design, accurately estimating the binding affinity between a candidate ligand and its protein receptor is a central challenge. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, have demonstrated…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-18 Md Masud Rana , Farjana Tasnim Mukta , Duc D. Nguyen

Over the past decade, antibodies have steadily grown in therapeutic importance thanks to their high specificity and low risk of adverse effects compared to other drug modalities. While traditional antibody discovery is primarily wet lab…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-09-26 Jordan Venderley

Therapeutic antibodies are an essential and rapidly expanding drug modality. The binding specificity between antibodies and antigens is decided by complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) at the tips of these Y-shaped proteins. In this…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-29 Fang Wu , Stan Z. Li

The knowledge of potentially druggable binding sites on proteins is an important preliminary step towards the discovery of novel drugs. The computational prediction of such areas can be boosted by following the recent major advances in the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-17 Stelios K. Mylonas , Apostolos Axenopoulos , Petros Daras

Antibody design remains a critical challenge in therapeutic and diagnostic development, particularly for complex antigens with diverse binding interfaces. Current computational methods face two main limitations: (1) capturing geometric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Jiameng Chen , Xiantao Cai , Jia Wu , Wenbin Hu